Safer Saws- Zipemup1

Posted on October 26, 2021 by zipemup1

Manufacturers:“Within a few thousandths of a second, the blade slammed to a stop.” This is a numerical claim since a few thousandths of a second of time had been included. Manufacturers assess the item’s efficacy and if it meets the aim of the sawblade stopping in time to prevent damage.

Customers: “That sounded like a good kind of saw to me” This is an evaluative claim since the speaker expresses gratitude for the invention.

Industry Spokespeople: “The saw can see the difference between a piece of wood and your finger.” This is a comparative claim since it contrasts a bit of wood to a person’s finger and shows that the saw blade can tell the difference. This assertion is made to illustrate the product’s efficacy.

Consumer Safety Advocates:“Every year there are over 40,000 table saw injuries” This is a numerical claim because the number assists safety advocates by giving facts that they may use to construct a case and promote safer work conditions.

Injured Plaintiffs: “If your device prevents even one person from going through what I have gone through it is a world class accomplishment.” This is an evaluative claim since it evaluates the saw’s attributes and makes a judgment on the blade’s efficacy. This claim assists injured plaintiffs by utilizing evaluative statements about the product and their experiences to argue for their point and, as a result, contribute to the development of a safer product to avoid more injury.

Personal Injury Lawyers:“Every year there are over 40,000 table saw injuries” This is a numerical claim because the number assists personal injury lawyers to build a case by providing facts that they may use to construct a case, and promote safer work conditions for their client.

Government Officials:“To emphasize that the injuries resulting from the use of table saws are, in many cases, particularly gruesome.” This is also an evaluative claim, as it assesses the nature of the table saw injuries.

News Reporters: “But as well as the technology works, the major tool companies have failed to put this kind of device on any of their table saws” This is an evaluative claim since it criticizes the tool manufacturers for not producing a safer product.

Posted in Safer Saws FA21 | Leave a comment

Safer Saws-lokiofasgard

Posted on October 26, 2021 by lokiofasgard24

Manufacturers:

“fast enough to turn a life-changing event into a minor cut.”A quantitative and comparative claim that compares the other products result to an incident versus the SawStop. In addition, this claim may be factual pending certain facts. This is a good way to make the reader feel like the SawStop is the way to go considering no one wants a life-changing saw injury.

Customers:

“If the technology were not under patent, we’d be more apt to encourage manufacturers to push this technology forward—as an OPTION.” The consumers use a recommendation claim to get the other consumers to enforce their opinion.

Industry Spokespeople:

“Your entry-level table saws would all but disappear.” The opinion of the industry spokespeople is that the the SawStop will eliminate cost friendly saws, an evaluative claim. The quote expresses some concern while making a prediction on the future market.

Consumer Safety Advocates:

“NCL’s letter noted that there is technology currently available from a company called SawStop that provides nearly complete protection from injuries from table saws.” This quote is a definition claim that suggest and explains what the SawStop is. The quote does a good job of introducing the claim and giving room to explain it more.

Injured Plaintiffs:

“If this safety mechanism had been included in the table saw, Osorio’s injuries would have been limited to a 1/8-inch cut on only one finger,“. The quote is an evaluative claim that is arguable with considering circumstances. However, the quote is assertive and convincing enough to believe.

Personal Injury Lawyers:

“If someone touches the blade, this electrical signal drops, because the human body is a good conductor.” This definition claim explains how the SawStop works, legally laying a base for an particular case. A detailed enough claim to get the reader to understand the authors idea.

Government Officials:

“Based on the injury data obtained in the 2007 and 2008 CPSC special study, our staff’s
injury cost model projected that consumers suffered approximately 67,300 medically treated
blade contact injuries annually in 2007 and 2008“. This claim states the annual saw table injuries treated. This is a factual claim with real statistics to support it. The author creates a forced opinion on the reader, very effective of a claim.

News Reporters:

“The blade has a sensor that detects electrical conductivity.” The narrator is explaining a component of the SawStop using a definition and factual claim. A straightforward statement that includes factual content.

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Visual Rewrite-RowanAnnouncer

Posted on October 26, 2021 by RowanAnnouncer

0:00-0:01

The ad starts off with the camera facing a female child’s back. Presumably about 6-10 years of age, two braided pig-tails, and dressed in a blue and white sweater. As the camera is facing her back she speed walks into a room. This room is populated by a small cabinet with a tv on top. You are able to see curtains that are shut with little light shining through. You can assume from this image that it is early in the morning, approximately 8-10am. There appears to be a bed in view based on the messy bed spread, and miscellaneous blankets sprung around the bed. With this in mind you are able to imagine someone sleeping in the bed,or atleast laying down. 

0:01-0:02

The camera cuts to the female child’s face. Her facial expression shows concern and anxiety. She then opens her eyes very wide showing that she may be surprised by what she is witnessing. The camera then cuts to the child’s back facing the, now confirmed, bed. You are able to see 2 people in the bed. One female and one male. Both ranging from 30-40 years of age. The male is asleep, while you can quickly see the female spring up from her resting position to look at the child. The female’s face showing disorientation, presumably from her previous sleep. Her expression quickly changes to shock.

0:02-0:03

The female’s face continues to express shock. She quickly contorts her body to look at something to her right. The camera cuts to her looking at the clock displaying the time 9:37. At this moment, from the things we’ve previously seen, you can assume that the people in the bed are the child’s parents, and they have mistakenly slept in. 

0:03-0:04

As 0:04 starts, the camera is looking at the female’s face. Her expression shows pure shock. She raises her arms slightly, and thrusts it forward in the direction of the man sleeping next to her. With great force she also pushes the man out of the bed. He then quickly awakens.

0:05-0:08

The camera then cuts to a new environment. You can assume it’s a child’s room because of sports metals, posters, and other miscellaneous possessions. A tall man is seen reaching for the shut curtains, while you can see a child laying in bed. The man slides the curtains, revealing the sunlight upon the child. The camera cuts to the child asleep, but quickly wakes up from the brightness of the sunlight. The now recognizable male child squints and holds up his hand to his eyes, signaling the sunlight is becoming sensitive to his brightness-developing eyes.

0:08-0:11

The camera cuts to milk being poured into a bowl of cheerio-like cereal. The camera angle is from above so you are able to see the milk being poured directly into the cereal from above. The milk quickly runs out very quickly. The camera cuts to a 40-50 year old man, dressed in a blue robe, brown shirt, and green pants. It appears he is in the kitchen, based upon the counter tops, cabinets, and refrigerator. Another person, dancing, appears in the frame. It is a younger female around 8-12 years old. You are also able to see the man raising the milk to his eye, showing concern, then disdain. You are able to assume the man is concerned about the amount of milk left, but once he sees nothing left he shows clear disdain. 

0:12-0:15

The camera then cuts to a near ground view of 2 women. The floor is overcome by a mountain (figuratively) of different types of shoes. One of the women is on her knees rummaging through the pile of shoes. The other woman is standing next to her with one shoe in her hand. The shoe appears to be either a soccer, baseball, or field hockey cleat. The woman on her knees is showing a facial expression combination of anxiety and wonder. After quickly rummaging through the pile, she finds the corresponding shoe. Her face transforms from wonder to shock, then to joy. She raises up the shoe in the air to signal for the girl standing to receive it. The camera moves upward to present the full body image of the now recognizably young woman. This young lady grabs the shoe and runs off screen. The woman, still on her knees, shrugs and shows a combination of wonder and disdain for how the young lady runs out of view.

0:16-0:17

The camera cuts back to the man from 0:08-0:11, on his knees opening the drying machine. You can assume it is the drying machine instead of the washing machine based on how there is a laundry basket below where the man is taking out the clothes. The man pulls out the clothes to present all pink clothing, with the exception of one red garment. The man clearly shows a facial expression of wonder.

0:18-0:20

The camera cuts to the perspective opposite of the previous direction. The pink clothes are in view along with a young child approximately 8-12 years old. The child’s facial expression is displaying concern. He mouth’s the word Papa, thus confirming that the previous man is the child’s father. The camera cuts back to the father with the facial expression displaying wonder and concern. The man removes the red garment, confirming that it is indeed the culprit of the aforementioned pink clothes. You are able to assume from this interaction that the pink clothes weren’t previously pink before the wash/dry cycle. 

0:21-0:25

The camera cuts to the view of all the previous children in the car. Each of them fastening their seat belts. They are comically wearing all pink clothing. Each one of them share the same facial expression of satisfaction, as if they are all excited to be traveling somewhere. At once, their facial expressions change to Joy as the camera moves to show both their parents facing them. Their facial expressions also display joy as their heads turn to face the camera. Right before the outro screen appears, the man and woman face each other with the expression of both wonder and satisfaction. 

For context I largely based the facial expressions off this image:

Posted in Visual Rewrite | Leave a comment

Visual Rhetoric-RowanAnnouncer

Posted on October 26, 2021 by RowanAnnouncer

0:00-0:01

The ad starts off with the camera facing a female child’s back. Presumably about 6-10 years of age, two braided pig-tails, and dressed in a blue and white sweater. As the camera is facing her back she speed walks into a room. This room is populated by a small cabinet with a tv on top. You are able to see curtains that are shut with little light shining through. You can assume from this image that it is early in the morning, approximately 8-10am. There appears to be a bed in view based on the messy bed spread, and miscellaneous blankets sprung around the bed. With this in mind you are able to imagine someone sleeping in the bed,or atleast laying down. 

0:01-0:02

The camera cuts to the female child’s face. Her facial expression shows concern and anxiety. She then opens her eyes very wide showing that she may be surprised by what she is witnessing. The camera then cuts to the child’s back facing the, now confirmed, bed. You are able to see 2 people in the bed. One female and one male. Both ranging from 30-40 years of age. The male is asleep, while you can quickly see the female spring up from her resting position to look at the child. The female’s face showing disorientation, presumably from her previous sleep. Her expression quickly changes to shock.

0:02-0:03

The female’s face continues to express shock. She quickly contorts her body to look at something to her right. The camera cuts to her looking at the clock displaying the time 9:37. At this moment, from the things we’ve previously seen, you can assume that the people in the bed are the child’s parents, and they have mistakenly slept in. 

0:03-0:04

As 0:04 starts, the camera is looking at the female’s face. Her expression shows pure shock. She raises her arms slightly, and thrusts it forward in the direction of the man sleeping next to her. With great force she also pushes the man out of the bed. He then quickly awakens.

0:05-0:08

The camera then cuts to a new environment. You can assume it’s a child’s room because of sports metals, posters, and other miscellaneous possessions. A tall man is seen reaching for the shut curtains, while you can see a child laying in bed. The man slides the curtains, revealing the sunlight upon the child. The camera cuts to the child asleep, but quickly wakes up from the brightness of the sunlight. The now recognizable male child squints and holds up his hand to his eyes, signaling the sunlight is becoming sensitive to his brightness-developing eyes.

0:08-0:11

The camera cuts to milk being poured into a bowl of cheerio-like cereal. The camera angle is from above so you are able to see the milk being poured directly into the cereal from above. The milk quickly runs out very quickly. The camera cuts to a 40-50 year old man, dressed in a blue robe, brown shirt, and green pants. It appears he is in the kitchen, based upon the counter tops, cabinets, and refrigerator. Another person, dancing, appears in the frame. It is a younger female around 8-12 years old. You are also able to see the man raising the milk to his eye, showing concern, then disdain. You are able to assume the man is concerned about the amount of milk left, but once he sees nothing left he shows clear disdain. 

0:12-0:15

The camera then cuts to a near ground view of 2 women. The floor is overcome by a mountain (figuratively) of different types of shoes. One of the women is on her knees rummaging through the pile of shoes. The other woman is standing next to her with one shoe in her hand. The shoe appears to be either a soccer, baseball, or field hockey cleat. The woman on her knees is showing a facial expression combination of anxiety and wonder. After quickly rummaging through the pile, she finds the corresponding shoe. Her face transforms from wonder to shock, then to joy. She raises up the shoe in the air to signal for the girl standing to receive it. The camera moves upward to present the full body image of the now recognizably young woman. This young lady grabs the shoe and runs off screen. The woman, still on her knees, shrugs and shows a combination of wonder and disdain for how the young lady runs out of view.

0:16-0:17

The camera cuts back to the man from 0:08-0:11, on his knees opening the drying machine. You can assume it is the drying machine instead of the washing machine based on how there is a laundry basket below where the man is taking out the clothes. The man pulls out the clothes to present all pink clothing, with the exception of one red garment. The man clearly shows a facial expression of wonder.

0:18-0:20

The camera cuts to the perspective opposite of the previous direction. The pink clothes are in view along with a young child approximately 8-12 years old. The child’s facial expression is displaying concern. He mouth’s the word Papa, thus confirming that the previous man is the child’s father. The camera cuts back to the father with the facial expression displaying wonder and concern. The man removes the red garment, confirming that it is indeed the culprit of the aforementioned pink clothes. You are able to assume from this interaction that the pink clothes weren’t previously pink before the wash/dry cycle. 

0:21-0:25

The camera cuts to the view of all the previous children in the car. Each of them fastening their seat belts. They are comically wearing all pink clothing. Each one of them share the same facial expression of satisfaction, as if they are all excited to be traveling somewhere. At once, their facial expressions change to Joy as the camera moves to show both their parents facing them. Their facial expressions also display joy as their heads turn to face the camera. Right before the outro screen appears, the man and woman face each other with the expression of both wonder and satisfaction. 

For context I largely based the facial expressions off this image:

Posted in Visual Rhetoric | Leave a comment

Definition Rewrite-Rowan Announcer

Posted on October 26, 2021 by RowanAnnouncer

The Coffee Industry is Iniquitous 

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word iniquitous means grossly unjust or unrighteous; wicked. This term perfectly encapsulates the overall actions of the representatives of the Coffee Industry, and it’s unfortunate consequences dispersed amongst our dwindling environment. 

What is coffee to you? How does coffee impact your life? Most people would answer both of those questions by saying coffee is that drink to wake you up in the morning before work/school, and that’s where the impact really stops. The average coffee drinker has no concept of where the coffee comes from, or how it’s grown. This ignorance needs to be stopped for the sake of the future of our environment. Every aspect of the coffee industry, from growing to before and after consumption, hurts the environment in some way. In an article called, Coffee – The Environmental Impact of our Caffeine Addiction, the author, Jennifer Okafor, starts off by saying “Our consumption of coffee is global and so is its environmental impact. Our coffee drinking habit has consequences for the climate, biodiversity, and the financial well-being of farmers. Since most coffee-growing regions are areas with delicate ecosystems the impact on the environment can prove both concerning and significant.” This quote perfectly scratches the surface of how much influence the coffee industry has on the environment and on the consumer. The consumer blindly endorses this behavior by purchasing the product. Not only is the manufacturer at fault, but the uneducated consumer is as well. 

The practices of the cultivation of coffee has changed drastically throughout the years. The traditional shade grown method was preferred for being environmentally friendly but over the years a different method has been adopted to keep up with the growing demand. There are two types of coffee plants; arabica and robusta. Arabica plants favor more shaded environments for better quality beans. Robusta plants are typically grown in direct sunlight thus creating a lesser quality bean. Okafor continues to explain that, “The demand for inexpensive coffee has positively encouraged farmers to embrace the practice of growing coffee directly under the sun. The yield from coffee fields without tree canopies is much higher than that of shaded farms and, as a result, is cheaper.” This favoring towards the sun grown method has put a damper on the environment in the area called the “bean belt.” The bean belt consists of South America, Asia, Africa, Middle East, and others including Australia, Puerto Rico, Hawaii and Jamaica. In an article by Adams + Russell, they speak about why the bean belt got its name, “The Bean Belt is the name given to the collection of countries across the globe that produce most of the coffee that we drink each and every day. These countries are mainly in the southern hemisphere and all lie between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.” The loss of natural habitats is one of the main environmental consequences of the coffee industry’s misconduct. From Okafor’s article, Coffee – The Environmental Impact of our Caffeine Addiction, she presents statistics on deforestation and biodiversity, “The spread of coffee plantations has resulted in critical deforestation, putting certain plants and animals in danger. Out of the 50 countries globally with the highest deforestation rates, 37 are major coffee-growing regions. Out of the 25 biodiversity hotspots, 13 areas with delicate ecosystems are coffee-producing regions.” These statistics come from an article written by Kristina Sorby called, Environmental benefits of sustainable coffee. Sorby adds more informative statistics by saying, “Of the 11.8 million hectares used for coffee production around the world in 2001, only 2.3 million hectares are not planted in areas of former or current rainforest.” This statistic is troubling considering the massive amount of deforestation in rainforests worldwide. 

Following the cultivation process, the next step would be to turn the coffee beans into grounds. In an article by Ian Fletcher called, An Effective Approach For the Management of Waste Coffee Grounds, he speaks about the pollution during and after the processing of coffee ground, “Over a 6 month period in 1988, it was estimated that processing 547,000 tons of coffee in Central America generated as much as 1.1 million tons of pulp and polluted 110,000 cubic metres of water each day. This excess waste can also play havoc with soil and water sources as coffee pulp is often dumped into streams, severely degrading fragile ecosystems.” This process only accounts for about 4% of the coffee industry’s environmental impact, according to the article, Unique Research Revealed that Significant Amounts of Coffee Goes to Waste, written by Lea Rankinen. She continues to share that the largest impact the coffee industry is involved with is the cultivation of coffee at 68%. Following the theme of pollution through soil and water, the cultivation of coffee under direct sunlight provides more environmental difficulties. The vulnerability of the coffee plants to pests forces the farmers to use pesticides to certify a healthy harvest. The use of pesticides causes the air and ground water to be polluted causing contamination in the soil and water supply. Okafor explains that the organic waste from coffee production causes “significant river pollution. The discharged waste from the coffee processing plants into the waterways triggers the eutrophication of water systems and robs aquatic plants and animals of oxygen.” The amount of intentional or unintentional environmental impacts of the coffee industry have proven to negatively determine the future of the climate. 

The waste of the consumer accounts for a huge portion of the environmental impact. Rankinen shares a statistic about coffee waste by saying that, “It turned out that coffee is the third biggest category in total food waste, only vegetables and fruit products are thrown away more. An average Finn wastes some 2.5 liters of coffee drink annually. Differences between households were significant: the 16% of households that generate the most food waste poured away approximately 13 liters of coffee per person annually.” As well as the massive amount of liquid waste, the amount of waste from disposable cups, filters, and coffee pods generate a large amount of excess waste. This waste causes an extensive carbon footprint, thus contributing to climate change. There’s a lot of things you can do to help the environment and decrease your carbon footprint, but you must first learn where to look. Your selection of coffee and cup would’ve never been your first thought, but I hope now it might be. 

References

The bean belt – coffees from around the world. Adams + Russell Coffee Roasters. (2021, July 20). Retrieved October 23, 2021, from https://www.adamsandrussell.co.uk/the-bean-belt-coffees-from-around-the-world/. 

Fletcher, I. (2002). Ian Fletcher an effective approach for the … – core. An Effective Approach for the Management of Waste Coffee Grounds. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/74208261.pdf. 

Rankinen, L. (2020, December 16). Unique research revealed that significant amounts of coffee go to waste. Luonnonvarakeskus. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from https://www.luke.fi/en/references/significant-amounts-of-coffee-go-to-waste/. 

Okafor, J. (2021, September 14). Coffee – environmental impact of our caffeine habit. TRVST. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from https://www.trvst.world/sustainable-living/coffee-environmental-impact/#cmf_footnote_5. 

Sorby, K. (2002, June). Environmental benefits of sustainable coffee. Documents & reports – all documents. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/831701468762315416/text/295970Env0bene10also02453501public1.txt. 

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Safer Saws- Spagettitacosforthesoul

Posted on October 26, 2021 by spaghettitacosforthesoul

Safer Saws- Spagettitacosforthesoul

Manufacturers “unquie opporinity” This definition claim evaluates the faith steve has in his invention. Without hesitation, he took the opportunity to use himself as a test subject on highly dangerous equipment to prove that SafeSaw is effective.

Customers’ “potential for unintended consequences” this causal claim reflects the consequences of safety from an economic standpoint. If safety were mandatory for all saws it would not only increase the price but could discourage companies from making dangerous tools in order to meet different requirements.

Industry Spokespeople “faster then what your reflectives can respond to danger”. This factual claim empathizes how safe the SafeSaw really is. The spokesperson is giving people information on how the device works and how well it works. While using demonstrations for the audience to understand its potential.

Consumer Safety Advocates  “CPSC’s 4-1 vote” this quantitive claim evaluates how the Consumer Product Safety Commission because it evaluates the support of SafeySaw through a vote. CPSC believes that they have a problem with the regular table saw, and safety is their top priority. They believe if there is a solution then the solution should be adopted.

Injured Plaintiffs “could have prevented his 2007 injury” This proposal claim suggest that SafeSaw would have drastically changed someone’s life if the technology were available sooner.

Personal Injury Lawyers “collapse unexpectedly and cause injuries” this is a casual claim because it evaluates the consequences of what tables saws can do to people. In doing so they’re comparing how SawStop is a better decision for consumers because it would increase safety dramatically. The personal injury lawyer believes that SafeSaw should be adopted everywhere because of the emphasis that SafeSaw could have prevented injuries.

Government Officials “concerns about mandating this kind of safety standard” This ethical claim evaluates that there is hesitation for moving forward with this safety measurement. It has a handful of problems it can encounter even though the outcome of SafeSaw is so pleasing.

News Reporter “good kind of saw to me” This evaluative claim examines how the judgment of the news reporter is in support of the saw. The reporter believes that more companies should adopt this machine because of its positive Safety efficiency.

Posted in Safer Saws FA21 | Leave a comment

open strong-ZeekdaFreak

Posted on October 26, 2021 by zeek

The United States government has routinely sided with unjust causes such as the dismissal of Sibel Edmonds and her evidence of FBI misconduct, Tash Heptings fight for unsurveyed Internet use, and others that have had their lives changed because of Government intervention. I understand that the government is needed as a mediator between American citizens and the world stage. But how much should we trust their judgment? I believe that America’s populace relies too heavily on their Government, and this gives them more leeway with the actions they take. For instance, we trusted our government to regulate firearms so our communities were safer, but when looking into the methods used to lower illegal gun trades and apprehend criminals, this trust rapidly declines. Would you trust the government if they sold guns to gangs and sought after mentally deficient citizens for help? Well it happened and no government institution or official was ever charged or held responsible for these actions. It’s cases like this, the squid ink tattoo scandal, where I start losing faith in our “democratic” Society. If the government can enlist citizens to commit felonious acts with no repercussions, then what lies in this countries future, as a matter fact, what then lies in your future?

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Definition-loikiofasgard

Posted on October 26, 2021 by lokiofasgard24

Sunscreen is understood to be the universal problem solver of sunburn. However this could be one of the best deceptions of the past century. The way sunscreen works is interesting in relation to your skin’s reaction. Misuse of sunscreen happens way more often than proper use. Your skin reacts to the sun in certain ways depending on how you prepare for it. Skin can adapt to the sun’s exposure and produce its own strategy to fight against the sun’s rays. The combination of sunscreen, your skin’s reactions, and the way your immune system works has to be understood correctly to be able to keep your skin as healthy and as strong as possible. 

Sunscreen, obviously, is known to be a cosmetic that in theory protects your skin from the sun. The University of Chicago Medicine posted an article on their website explaining the Science of sunscreen, called, Feel the burn? Explaining the science of sunscreen. The way sunscreen works is expressed in two different types of sunscreens, “organic, or chemical, and inorganic, or physical.” Chemical type has organic compounds that lay on the surface of your skin. It “works like a sponge” absorbing the rays of the sun. Similarly to chemical, in the physical type the inorganic compounds lay on the skin, but will reflect the sun’s rays. The University of Chicago Medicine says that these two product types are often used together to formulate one product, “Many types of sunscreen available in the U.S. combine organic and inorganic compounds to provide this kind of broad-spectrum protection.” In addition, it is often found that most people use sunscreen incorrectly, which results in possible burns. It is said that sunscreen must be applied every 2 hours and 15-30 minutes before sun exposure. Do you or anyone you know use sunscreen in its most effective way as advertised? Even so, a majority does not use it in this way. This is interesting because if a product is deemed effective when used properly, if used improperly it becomes ineffective. 

When exposed to sunlight, skin has its own form of protection against ultraviolet light, the skin produces Melanin. Melanin is explained in an article by Medical News Today, called, What to know about melanin. The article states, “Melanin is a substance present in the skin that produces pigment.” This is what makes your skin look darker or tanner. The function of melanin is described as the “protection of eyes and skin from sunlight”. This does not act the way sunscreens do in way of a reflection or sponge over top the skin. Melanin fends off the harmful rays of the sun while still allowing the skin to absorb the benefits of sunlight such as vitamin D. 

The immune system is forever adapting. The Australian Academy of Science created a simple video that explains how the immune system fights off viruses. It shows the process of the immune system in action. When a bacteria is introduced in the body your immune system will immediately send in “guard cells” to intervene. They can kill foriegn bacteria but will also cause inflammation in the process, possibly in the form of swelling. If this will not stop the problem, “the brain of the immune system” is introduced, a cell that will collect information from the foriegn bacteria and decide what to do in order to eliminate the bacteria. It will find a “helper cell” that is genetically designed for this certain bacteria. The “helper cell” is activated by the “brain cell”, which will multiply and join the fight while also sending back valuable information back to a “b cell”. The “B cell” will then create antibodies that flood the body and destroy the foriegn bacteria with its own identity. In relation to the skin, the sun’s harmful UV rays can play the role of the foriegn bacteria. The rays contact the skin which then the immune system will send the initial line of defence to stop it, causing inflammation such as sunburn. But while this happens the immune system then collects all the information it needs from the opposition and will form a line of defence, Melanin. Melanin acts like the antibodies do against viruses. When this process happens again the skin will be familiar with it and react accordingly. The more instances this happens your body becomes more knowledgeable on the matter and can find out the best possible method to stop it from any harm at all.

Sunscreen is a cosmetic that acts as a shield of armor for your skin, allowing no sun to contact.  Melanin, the body’s known choice of defense, is produced when your skin does contact with sunlight. Melanin is the skin’s natural defence against the sun’s harmful rays. The immune system will collect information from the harmfulness of the sun’s ray, then create a defense method to battle the opposition. The immune system will grow stronger as it encounters these rays more often and ultimately stopping it in its tracks.With all these variables understood we can begin to devise a plan on what to do when in contact with the sun that is safest and will make us stronger. 

Resources

Chris.warren@science.org.au. (2016, September 7). The immune system explained. Curious. Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://www.science.org.au/curious/video/immune-system-explained

Waxman, E. (2018, July 18). Feel the burn? explaining the science of Sunscreen. UChicago Medicine. Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/forefront/health-and-wellness-articles/explaining-the-science-of-sunscreen

How does melanin protect the skin? melanin skin and the melanin function. BloqUV. (2019, September 16). Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://www.bloquv.com/blog/how-does-melanin-protect-the-skin-melanin-skin-and-the-melanin-function/

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Definition-ILoveDunkinOverStarbucks

Posted on October 26, 2021 by ilovedunkinoverstarbucks

Definition Ethanol

Gas, diesel, electric, are all sources that help farmers with their everyday lives. Gas and diesel are seen as fossil fuels which we will run out of at some point so there needs to be a solution to slow the use of fossil fuels. Ethanol, a colorless volatile flammable liquid which is produced by the natural fermentation of sugars. The idea came from seeing these farmers use these fossil fuels and emitting a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. A solution needed to be found. The solution to that, corn. Throughout the US roughly 40 percent of all the corn harvested will be used to create ethanol. The other corn you see in the field will be used for animal feed, exports, food/industrial, and residual. If you ever find yourself driving through Iowa which is the number one corn producer in the state remember that almost none of that corn in the fields is used as corn that we love to eat.

Seeing all the corn in the field it may be easy to comprehend how it can go from a stalk to a feed bag but how does it go from stalk to liquid that can be used in our vehicles? Once the corn is harvested and sent off to co-ops then farmers have been paid for their bushels and they go right back to farming. The corn however is ground down into a form of flour or meal which is a form of a starch. Liquefaction is the next step where water is added to make a slurry. Which is then heated to break down the starch molecules the enzyme alpha-amylase is added to further help breakdown the molecules. Next up is saccharification where the broken down starch molecules are further broken down into glucose. Fermentation occurs next when yeast is added to the slurry to break down the glucose, yeast gets energy from glucose; this is the step that ethanol is produced but it is only 10-15 percent ethanol. Distillation and dehydration is the process of evaporation and condensing which brings the mixture to 95 percent ethanol and the remaining five percent is strained and dehydrated to have pure ethanol. Denaturation is where a small amount of gas is added to make the ethanol undrinkable. There are byproducts of ethanol due to the process of how it is made and carbon dioxide is the main byproduct but there are other uses for the CO2 that is produced, carbonated beverages, producing dry ice for cold storage, and photosynthesis in greenhouses. The second byproduct is distillers grain which is residue from the fermentation tanks but is valued as a high protein ingredient in livestock feed. Most gasoline that is put into our cars is E10 which is 10% ethanol and can be used in most cars that are made later than 1986. 

The ethanol industry began in the 1970s when the fuel became expensive and there started to be environmental concerns. Ethanol became popular due to it being biodegradable if spilled it quickly breaks down. Ethanol also reduces the emissions and other toxic pollutants. Ethanol being made from corn means that the corn absorbs the carbon dioxide that is constantly being produced into the atmosphere. The corn needs to be able to start the process of photosynthesis. Most of the ethanol is produced in the US however Brazil is the largest producer of ethanol in the world because they produce their ethanol from sugar cane and almost all the vehicles in Brazil run solely on ethanol. Most of the emissions were not coming from the cars that people drive everyday however it was coming from the equipment that is being used to farm the corn used for ethanol. The heightened production and use of ethanol helped close the doors of emissions. It is seen by farmers as a constant recycle circle when emissions are put off by tractors and other farm vehicles then the other remaining corn is able to absorb that carbon dioxide. Also stated before the carbon dioxide that is produced from the ethanol is able to be used for other things such as carbonation in sodas. Overall ethanol still has a long way to go before we use it instead of gasoline but it is a work in progress. 

After reading this far hearing ethanol you may think of a few words such as gas, corn, and carbon dioxide. However it is also used in hand sanitizer which has become a big selling product in the past year and a half. According to the FDA there are only two approved alcohols that can be used in hand sanitizer isopropyl alcohol and ethanol. When companies put on their ingredient label that it contains alcohol they mean ethanol. The first hand sanitizer was released in 1997 and it started to gain popularity with CDC recommendations and use in the army. Hand sanitizers with a higher concentration of ethanol have a higher chance of killing those bacterias that live on our hands. Isopropyl alcohol and ethanol have about the same effectiveness rate sitting at 65-90 percent. While more corn should not be produced just for hand sanitizer because it could lead to more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere if there is “extra” ethanol it could be used to make hand sanitizers. 

Ethanol is regularly used today even though people may not be aware they are using it either through gasoline or a by-product. There is not a single person that does not use ethanol in some form from animal feed to just opening a soda that is using the leftover carbon dioxide. While corn is a big factor in ethanol, any vegetation can be broken down into alcohol by using the process as stated previously corn is the most widely grown thing by Iowa which is the United States biggest corn producer. Eventually we may get to our vehicles being able to run solely on ethanol which would be good for fossil fuels because we could reserve them for when we really need them. 

Sources
NOT SOURCES

References

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (n.d.). Qas Hand Sanitizer and covid-19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/qa-consumers-hand-sanitizers-and-covid-19. 

Corn uses. Primary Website. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.iowacorn.org/corn-uses. 

The history of ethanol in America – agclassroom.org. (n.d.). Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://cdn.agclassroom.org/ok/lessons/upper/history_ethanol.pdf. 

How ethyl, ethanol alcohol in hand sanitizers is made. PlaneAire®. (2021, March 10). Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.planeaire.com/how-is-hand-sanitizer-made/?gclid=CjwKCAjwzt6LBhBeEiwAbPGOgceuAE30Kn_ssNM313JvAPQmbwaNMyd-UEbU1Q3XLDXkGO5eZ7djNxoCJUoQAvD_BwE. 

Levac, K., & 13, A. (2018, August 13). How is ethanol made? Let’s Talk Science. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/how-ethanol-made. Vaughan, C. (2020, March 30).

Ethanol market is disturbing to American farmers. and now there’s covid-19. Successful Farming. Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.agriculture.com/news/business/ethanol-market-is-disturbing-as-hell-to-american-farmers-and-now-there-s-covid-19.

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White Paper

Posted on October 26, 2021 by cocochanel715

White paper – Cocochanel715

  1. Working hypothesis 1
  1. Climate Change
  2. Climate Change around the world
  3. Climate Change in different elevations
  4. The Coral Reef decreasing in size every year
  5. The Arctic melting and getting significantly smaller
  6. The snow caps on top of the mountains disappearing
  7. Working hypothesis 2
    1. Arctic melting causing ecosystems to decrease
    2. What is causing the temperature to rise that is increasing climate change
    3. Ways to stop climate change from happening so fast
  8. Topics for smaller papers
    1. Definition argument: the misunderstanding of climate change
    2. Cause/ effect argument: Not seeing a problem that the world is melting and not doing anything about it
    3. Rebuttal argument: climate change will happen no matter what
  9. 5 sources
    1.  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/04/arctic-ecosystem-ice-disappear-ecosystem-polar-bears-fish
    2. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/big-thaw
    3. https://arcticwwf.org/work/climate/
    4. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/arctic-meteorology/climate_change.html

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/04/arctic-ecosystem-ice-disappear-ecosystem-polar-bears-fish

The article “How disappearing sea ice has put Arctic ecosystems under threat” by Robin McKie discusses the effects of the drastic decreasing of the sea ice in the arctic. With this huge change the animals that live in these places are facing difficulties to hunt, travel, and seek protection. McKie mentions that “the alignment of different lifecycles is being disrupted by sea ice loss and it is affecting animals on both land and in the ocean.” There are certain animals that are in danger in the arctic and they are caribous, harp seals, zooplankton, polar bears, narwhals. Caribou’s normally take advantage of the large variety of nutritious plants that bloom in the spring for the females to gain strength before they give birth, but the plants are blooming earlier each year in the far north and by the time the caribou reach the plants they are no longer at their best. Narwhals hide safely in the sea ice to avoid their natural predators, the killer whale, but if the sea ice is melting there is nowhere the narwhals can protect themselves which is then going to cause the population to dwindle dangerously. This change will affect the Inuit’s who use the narwhal’s blubber and skin to make meals. Professor Julienne Stroeve of University College London highlights that harp seals “often give birth on snow mounds on sea ice. But if the sea ice is thin or formed late it breaks and the seal pups are dumped into the ocean and the drown.” With the temperature rising it is causing these animals to be come in dangered and is ruining the Arctic ecosystem.

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