Zoos and nature reserves help increase the population of different species and protect endangered animals through different research, protected areas and breeding
Background: This article, “Aye-Aye Conservation: The Role of The Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust” by Anna T.C Feistier and J. Bryan Carroll explains that Gerald Durrell founded his zoo in 1959 where he reintroduced endangered animals to their natural habitats, restored the habitats as well as research the different species to get an understanding of there habitats, instincts, and bodies. They also educate the people so they can learn and protect the animals in the future. Lastly, they ended up hiring professional trainers and performed strategies to protect and save the endangered species. I intend to use this article to show that saving endangered animals can start off as a small zoo and turn into sanctuaries where the animals can roam around while being researched and studied to prevent their species of becoming extinct.
Background: In this article ” The Role of Zoos and Aquariums in Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations” by Tania Gilbert and Pritpal S. Soorae states that conversation translocations can reverse the act of extinction by allowing the animals to thrive in the wild and create small wild populations. This also permits research and studies made on the animals even though they are essentially living in the wild. I intend to use this article by showing that conversation translocations are helping the endangered animals re-establish there ways of living just like they were in the wild. While also, growing their population and restoring their species.
Background: This source, “Reintroduction In Indian Wildlife Management” by J.B Sale shows reintroduction can increase endangered species populations by, translating specific animals to a protected locations, that is geographically similar as their own habitat. However, it is protected from human activities such as hunting or anything in that sort. I intend to use this article to show that we can relocation endangered animals and transplant them in an area where they can be safe but are still able to live their life just the same as if they were still in the wild.
Background: This article, “Conservation Program for the Golden Lion Tamarin: Captive Research and Management, Ecological Studies, Educational Strategies, and Reintroduction” by Devra G. Kleiman states that will research, management and strategies will increase the population of endangered species as well as give a better understanding of what is needed to research and provide for the species to succeed. I intend to use this article to show how different skills management, and strategies can grow a population and increase the knowledge of those who are looking to protect the species.
Background: This source, “The Importance of National and International Zoo Cooperation” by Jeremy J.C. Mallinson, states that by breeding animals until it is a self-sustaining population, distributing the species so that the population can grow, then once the it has grown enough that they can be brought back to their native habitats or in a sanctuary where they can be studied. This all can help the species population grow and have less species become endangered. I intend to use this article to show that breeding, relocation and having the species brought back to their native environment can help the specific species become stronger and more adaptable in different environments, leading their population to grow since they are now able to live in different conditions.
Working hypothesis 1: For my research essay I will be looking into violent video games and its effects on children. My research essay will take a dive into how video games affect children, specifically violent ones for their cause in desensitization to violence committed in video games and in real life. This will in turn cause less violent crimes from happening.
Background: This article goes into an experiment about violent video games and the brain’s reaction to the violence. It focuses on the link between desensitization to violence in video games and aggressiveness.
How I intend to use it: The experiment results on the desensitization from violent video games will be especially useful as a big aspect of my paper will be about how the desensitization is actually a good thing when it comes to violence as it will cause less willingness and curiosity to do violence in real life. (Cause/Effect Argument)
Background: The article talks about a study where there was no evidence that empathy was desensitized due to playing violent video games. The negative notion that playing violent video games would cause desensitization in the empathy department was promptly unfounded.
How I intend to use it: With the study showing that there is no evidence to suggest that empathy is desensitized by violent video games, I will use this article to show that while violent video games may desensitization to violence, it does not desensitize the empathy feeling that violence causes. It just makes kids used to seeing violence. I will use this to connect the dots that kids will still feel disgruntle by violence but that feeling plus the desensitization to violence will back up the hypothesis hat letting kids play violent video games will prevent them from doing real life violence. (Cause/Effect Argument)
Background: This article goes into depth about another study dedicated to violent video games and desensitization in empathy. An experiment with 2 groups, 18 participants playing violet video games and 17 participants playing non-violent video games. Both were screened to see if there was a difference in empathy to pain for others and there was no significant data to suggest violent video games cause a loss of sensitiveness to pain of others.
How I intend to use it: This combined with the previous article I will deep dive to the point that violent video games don’t inherently make you lack empathy or make you want to hurt others. Playing video games with violence will just cause desensitization to actual violent acts. (Definition/Classification Argument)
Background: This article goes into environmental causes of violence in children. By talking about the outside factors of what could be causing children to commit violence. Poverty and physical abuse are just two of many environmental causes that could affect children mentally and cause aggression and eventually violence.
How I intend to use it: My plan with this article is to demonstrate other factors that can cause aggression and violence into kids. Discussing environmental factors on why kids might become aggressive and violent may show the reader a different perspective on why children act that way and further my discussion of how violent video games are not to blame for violence in children. (Definition/Classification Argument)
Background: This article goes into the connection between violence and mental illness. Mental illness and violence are sometimes intertwined. The article talks about four personality dimensions that affect someone to become violent.
How I intend to use it: By giving my readers another insight on how violence is formed and the connection to multiple different factors, in this case mental/biological factors, I can push the notion that violence is something that can happen due to biological/mental problems and disorders and not because of video games that involve violence. (Definition/Classification Argument)
Background: This article’s talks about a longitudinal study of about 10 years. It studies adolescents (mostly 13 year olds) and does 11 waves of studies throughout the 10 years. They place them in 3 different groups of high, medium, and low groups of how much violent video games they consume on a regular basis. The study shows the changes in how much play-time each group consumes of violent video games. It also measures their aggression, depression, and anxiety levels of each wave.
How I intend to use it: I plan to use this study to help prove that there are other reasons why kids play violent video games and how aggression levels weren’t affected by playing violent video games over a long period of time. (Causal Argument)
Initial thoughts: The title is a little misleading but it has a lot of good information I can use. It doesn’t focus on grand theft auto but rather the growth of violent video game play in general in adolescents over a 10 year period. Some note-worthy things is that the initial high violent video game consumption group actually decreased their play-time significantly during mid-adolscense and as adults their violent video game consumption has not returned to it’s initial peak, staying rather moderately. However they were more depressed than the other groups proving my point of mental health issues being a good reason on why children are attracted to violent video games. Their aggression levels never changed and were not violent/any more violent initially than the other 2 groups.
Current state of research paper: I’m honestly not feeling too good about it. My topic is a little bit frustrating to research and I know this will be a harder topic to prove. I tried to tweak my hypothesis and ask for feedback so maybe I’m actually moving in a positive direction but right now I feel a little shaky on everything. I do feel though that I feel more solidified with my hypothesis. It’s nice finding sources that believe in what you also believe. I’m hoping that the eventual outcome is that I can make a convincing paper that there is no harm in letting children play violent video games and the notion that playing them makes you a violent and aggressive person is incorrect.
Excessive use of social media by teenagers negatively impacts their mental health and should be monitored to prevent unsafe use with potential for physical and emotional harm. It would be a waste of energy trying to keep kids offline, and it is almost impossible to go through out life unplugged. Instead of outright banning use of social media sites real success can be found from teaching kids how to use it safely. This way you can enjoy all the benefits of having an instagram or snapchat while knowing how to avoid the disadvantages. With an increase in cases involveing children getting into trouble online by sharing personal information or risking physical safety parents may think it is better to outright ban phones. However, this idea has proven to be problematic because instead of keeping kids off of social media it promotes unsafe usage mainly by teenagers who are unaware of the true dangers.
Background – This is a webisite from the Mayo Clinic that gives potential ways for parents to advise their children on how to use social media safely.
How I Intend To Use It – I would like to use this source in order to provide specific examples. It can be hard to think of secussful ways that can help deal with the problem at hand and I appreciated that this website gave specific examples of how to do that and how effictive they have found these to be.
Background – This source is set up similarly to a blog run by a professional psychologist who was able to identify ways that she benefits from talking a “social media fast”.
How I Intend To Use It – During our conference and while developing a hypothesis I really considered learning more about the idea of talking a social media fast. It was not something that I had personally considered as a way of combatting harmful effects of social media. I think it is really interesting to think about that from the standpoint of a professional psychologist.
Background – This website is from the pediatic healthcare alliance and it is supporting the point that there should be an age restriction on social media usage.
How I Intend To Use It – It also gives examples as reasons why children should not have access to socal media beucase it is unhealthy for them. They also discuss the potential risks and atvantages ofhaving an age limit on who is allowed to have social media and when they are allowed to use it. This was something else I was considerng when I was writing my hypothesis is having restrictions that would be enforced by parents.
Background – This a medical journal about the menatl health of teenagers brain and how it is underdeveloped.
How I Intend To Use It – I thought it would be good if I had a medical journal that has scientific research to back what I was writing in my hypothsis.
Background – This is research on dangers of social media and discusses potential ways children can be taregted.
How I Intend To Use It – I wanted to use sources like these to demonstrate the dangers on social media. As children they are more targeted and should know the dangers and how to keep themselves safe.
Taking away theater programs within secondary schools would prevent theater kids/teens from expressing themselves and pursuing their passion. In other words, this would not be satisfying the “full child’s” needs.
For my researched persuasive argument essay, I will be arguing that the performing arts boosts happiness and academic performance among children. I will additionally be arguing that the “full child,” or all children, would be hurt if their schools took away theater opportunities, for they would be lacking a creative outlet. I believe that backing up my argument with statistics on the health benefits of performing in plays, musicals, etc. will successfully defend my argument. I also believe that providing sources on the negative effects of children performing in theater {perhaps the negative effects would be unhealthy competition among children, parent/teacher pressure to be the best performer, self-esteem issues after not getting the role you want, etc.} would make my essay extremely interesting to read and counteract my argument.
Working Hypothesis 2 {maybe in the near future}:
If my first hypothesis does not work, I would like to write about Catholicism being the greatest reason why antisemitism exists in the world.
Five Academic Sources:
“A symphony within: Frequent participation in performing arts predicts higher positive mental health in young adults”
Background: This article poses the question as to whether or not the performing arts help the mental health of young adults/adolescents. It also dives into some of the psychological and societal benefits of getting involved in the performing arts and merely the arts in general. It additionally discusses the fact that kids/young adults from well-off backgrounds have more artistic opportunities than those who do not, basically.
How I intend to use it: I intend to use this article to back up my argument on the performing arts being a beneficial tool to heal community wounds and young minds.
Quotes/Notes:
“‘Music can connect us to our earlier selves and to our better selves to come. It can remind us of where we fit on the timeline of human achievement, an ultimate value of art,’ (Marsalis, 2009, p. 13). Wynton Marsalis, Pulitzer prize-winning composer, trumpet player, and jazz legend, describes the transcendent value he sees in music.”
This quote by Wynton Marsalis can most certainly be used in my introductory paragraph. I believe it sums up the arts and my views on the subject perfectly.
“During young adulthood, childhood passions often give way to higher education and career goals; yet these childhood passions, such as art, may be important to prioritize for mental health, among other reasons.”
Basically states my point.
“‘The three constructs of positive mental health generally acknowledged in the literature are emotional, social, and psychological well-being (Keyes, 2002, 2005).’
Emotional well-being is made up of positive effects and life satisfaction. Social well-being includes feelings of social contribution, integration, and self-actualization. Psychological well-being is made up of self acceptance, personal growth, autonomy, and purpose.
“The healing properties of creative activities have long been identified. From music to singing to writing and even comedy, art therapy is a well-recognized, though underutilized tool. Creative activities have been used for managing depression, anxiety, stress, and mental distress related to chronic illness and trauma, and for promoting positive emotions, social connection, and self-efficacy for people with mental illness (Baker and Mazza, 2004; Crawford and Caltabiano, 2011; Olderog Millard and Smith, 1989; Pizarro, 2004; Reynolds and Lim, 2007; Ruud, 2008; Schnee, 1996).”
A possible quote to back up my argument.
“In an observational, thirteen-day study of 658 young adults, a cross-lagged analysis of diary entries suggested that participating in creative expression led to increased emotional wellbeing and overall positive mental health in the following days (Conner et al., 2018).”
I can say that this can also pertain to children. I also like that this includes an observational study, for it makes my claim/argument stronger. I can use this to back up my claim on the performing arts and its health benefits as a whole.
“In a qualitative study of thirteen black men in choirs, participants attributed their sense of belonging, and ability to cope with challenges in school and in the community, heal from experiences of racism, and succeed in school to their participation in choir (Hymon, 2020).”
This just proves to show how powerful/helpful the performing arts can be. Not just for kids, but for society as a whole. It can bring communities together and heal past traumas.
“Creative expression has been shown to promote intrinsic motivation and passion, and may accordingly promote the regular attainment of a state of flow (Vallerand et al., 2003).”
Another quote I can use to back up my argument.
“In theoretical and empirical investigations, flow has therefore been hypothesized as a mediator between creative activities and heightened wellbeing (Mihaly, 1997; Rogatko, 2009).”
A strong fact to know. Interesting.
“Studies have found access to arts participation to be lower for students of color in elementary and middle school (Parsad and Spiegelman, 2012), high school (Elpus, 2014), and in adults (Rabkin and Hedberg, 2011).”
IMPORTANT TO KEEP IN MIND
“Foster and Marcus Jenkins find that well-resourced parents (in terms of education and income) were more likely to provide art or music lessons for their children (Foster and Marcus Jenkins, 2017). Using propensity score weighting, a fairly rigorous method of mitigating observed confounders, the study suggested that privilege and wealth are highly related to opportunities such as music and arts lessons.”
IMPORTANT: Does this mean that families who are not super well-off are less likely to put their children in performing arts programs, because they do not have the money or educational connections?
“This study showed that the positive association between art and music lessons and academic achievement and child development outcomes loses significance after confounders of wealth and privilege are controlled.”
This is upsetting because performing arts programs should be available to all kids. Not just those whose parents can afford it.
“The authors interpret their findings as suggesting that benefits of participation in the arts found in previous studies may be detecting family resources and privilege rather than the effects of arts themselves (Foster and Marcus Jenkins, 2017).”
There seems to be a relationship between the arts and wealth. The performing arts seem to depend on the wealth of families who can afford to give their children artistic opportunities.
“Accordingly, it remains unclear how arts participation may contribute to outcomes such as health, mental illness, and positive mental health.”
Well, this does not help.
“This is one of the first studies to investigate whether increased participation in performing arts is associated with higher levels of positive mental health. These results suggest that, while young adults from privileged backgrounds are more likely to participate in performing arts, participation in performing arts is meaningfully linked with positive mental health, regardless of race/ethnicity. Young adulthood is now considered an extended adolescence and an important stage of development (Bonnie et al., 2014).”
MY TAKEAWAY FROM THIS ARTICLE: There is evidence that the performing arts and the arts in general have positive effects on mental health. However, artistic opportunities are more accessible to white young adults/kids who are from rich, privileged backgrounds. So there is definitely an inequality issue in that regard.
“The impact of participation in performing arts on adolescent health and behaviour: a systematic review of the literature”
Background: This article offers data from 1994 to 2004 on the effects of performing arts among children and adolescents.
How I intend to use it: I intend to use this article to back up my argument with factual information about the positive effects of children being involved in the performing arts. I may use the information in the middle of my essay to back up my argument.
Quotes/Notes:
“THIS ARTICLE reports on a systematic review of literature published between 1994 and 2004 on the effects of performing arts for health in young people in non-clinical settings.”
Theme of the article.
“In addition to delivering clinical benefits, arts interventions are seen as capable of addressing key concerns of public health such as coronary heart disease, obesity and sexual health (Arts Council England (ACE), 2004).”
I find it interesting that the arts are linked to sexual health. Can this be because the arts encourage creative exploration?
“A recent review by the UK Department of Health (DH) suggests that arts and health should be firmly recognized as integral to health care provision and health care environments (DH, 2007).”
Pretty cool. As they should be.
“Identified benefits of participation by young people in arts activity include resisting drugs(Drugs Strategy Directorate, 2002; Starkey & Orme, 2001), managing stress and difficult emotions (Positive Futures, 2005); learning about sexual health (Denman, Pearson, Moody, Davis, & Madeley, 1995); understanding appropriate physical contact (Orme & Salmon, 2002); excitement, satisfaction and fun (Colley & Comber, 2003; Harland et al., 2000; Miller & Budd, 1999); and addressing social exclusion through community integration (Jackson, 2003; Wilkin, Kinder, White, & Doherty, 2003).”
From my own experience in the performing arts, I can confirm that theater can teach kids appropriate physical contact and how to handle difficult emotions. When you are acting/dancing with your peers on a daily basis, you are bound to have some sort of physical contact with each other. It is important to establish trust and a sense of comfortability before performing anything as a group. A performance works when the performers can trust each other. I can also say that acting in plays, musicals, etc. can help us make sense of our own troubles through relating to the characters we play. Shows like “Hairspray,” “To Kill a Mockingbird,” “A Raisin in the Sun,” and “Parade” address social exclusion big time. Shows itself can spread awareness about societal issues. A diverse ensemble in a play can additionally spread awareness about social exclusion and smack the problem in the face.
“While there is a wealth of good practice and a growing evidence of the impact of participation in arts for health, this evidence is unevenly spread (Angus, 2002; Staricoff, 2004; White & Angus, 2003). Many programmes that seek health promotion outcomes through involvement of young people in the performing arts have not been subject to robust evaluation (Allott, Paxton, & Leonard, 1999; Orme & Salmon, 2002).”
That is so frustrating. Why are medical experts/programs not evaluating the impact of arts hard enough?
“According to White and Angus (2003), the majority of evaluations are unstructured, reflecting a lack of clarity about the aims of arts for health initiatives. Many evaluations fail to draw on appropriate, sensitive measurement tools and the small size and limited scope of many projects present further difficulty for research.”
This makes sense. It is not like researchers do not care about the subject. They just have not come to a firm conclusion yet about the impact of the arts in young adults/kids. They also have not been conducting their research properly. They need to do better with that.
“Systematic reviews are increasingly recognized as valuable forms of research that can produce high quality evidence to inform policy and practice (Mays, Pope, & Popay, 2005). Initially developed in health services research for the synthesis of quantitative studies (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2001), systematic review methodologies are increasingly being developed in the social sciences and for qualitative research (Wallace, Croucher, Quilgars, & Baldwin, 2004; Weed, 2005).”
Better definition of a systematic review by S. Gopalakrishnan and P. Ganeshkumar from the article “Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis: Understanding the Best Evidence in Primary Healthcare”: “A systematic review is a summary of the medical literature that uses explicit and reproducible methods to systematically search, critically appraise, and synthesize on a specific issue. It synthesizes the results of multiple primary studies related to each other by using strategies that reduce biases and random errors.” {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3894019/#:~:text=A%20systematic%20review%20is%20a,reduce%20biases%20and%20random%20errors.}
“The search was undertaken in July 2004 using the 17 databases identified in Table 1.”
I may need to find data from another article that is more up-to-date, because this search was conducted in 2004. It is 2023.
“Issues of risk and empowerment were also addressed in six of the qualitative studies. The article by Mattingly (2001) is a reflexive account of a qualitative study of a community theatre project with ‘at risk’ teenagers in California, USA. A number of issues arose from the project including the question of representation, which was seen as key to the understanding of the ways in which arts might benefit marginalized teenagers. By empowering this group into forms of self and community representations, the author concluded that community arts can challenge marginalization and stereotyping (Mattingly, 2001).”
This case can be traced back to the previous article regarding marginalization and the arts. This case can also be used as an example of the arts tackling race issues among children. Race can lead to poor mental health/low self-esteem and violence. The arts can do more than merely improve the mental health/satisfy the full child. It can heal communities. This is basically what the previous article mentioned.
“Teachers reported academic and social benefits as well as improved student–teacher relationships. The authors concluded that there are positive effects of drama relating to personal benefits although drama may be less effective in raising awareness of relevant community support services.”
Interesting to know.
“Two studies focused on sexual health issues. Lloyd and Lyth (2003) examined the impact of a drama production and workshops delivered by a theatre company to 280 pupils in a UK comprehensive school using a pre- and post-intervention questionnaire. Reported benefits included improved sexual knowledge and changes in attitudes concerning availability of and access to contraception.”
Another thing to note about the benefits of the performing arts.
“The review demonstrates that there is a need for both quantitative and qualitative research on the health impact of performing arts interventions. Qualitative methods may sometimes be better suited than quantitative methods to address impact and process issues in relation to performing arts for health. However, we noted a focus in some reports on ‘outcomes’ and the use of language and frameworks more appropriate for quantitative research. Hence a key challenge for qualitative research is that of identifying appropriate models and frameworks for analysis…”
In other words, there still needs to be more research on the performing arts and its mental health benefits. MY TAKE AWAY FROM THIS ARTICLE: There are clearly benefits for children who perform in theatrical shows and those who watch them. However, there is not enough proper research to make concrete conclusions about the data.
Background: This article critiques the dramatic arts in educational settings and the brief history of the dramatic arts in schools.
How I intend to use it: I intend to use this article to give some general context about the dramatic arts, how it is used in schools, and the history behind the subject. However, this book was published in 1989, so I may need to find another source that is more up-to-date.
“Parental support and pressure and children’s extracurricular activities: relationships with amount of involvement and affective experience of participation”
Background: This article discusses how parents impact the extracurricular participation of their children through either support or pressure.
How I intend to use it: I intend to use this article to possibly write about the negative consequences of children performing in plays/musicals. Parents pressuring their children to get involved in activities such as plays, musicals, bands, etc. can cause stress and unhealthy competition in young ones.
“Imagination, Play, and the Role of Performing Arts in the Well-Being of Children”
Background: This article dives deeper into the potential of the performing arts and how kids can benefit from expressing themselves through song, dance, etc.
How I intend to use it: I intend to use it exactly the same way as the first source. I want to provide some quotes for my audience to prove that the performing arts are important in schools.
6. Impact of No Child Left Behind on Curriculum and Instruction in Rural Schools
Definition/Categorical argument topics: TIE {theatre in education”movement from the 60s, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, perhaps some psychological terms regarding children in theatre.
“Children learn about the art form as well as about other more instrumental ends related to personal or social development. Among the latter, Jackson enumerates learning about, ‘group interaction, discipline, language usage, self esteem, and movement skills.’ Heathcote reminds us also that drama provides situations where we can or must put ourselves into the place of another; thus empathy for others is a possible or likely outcome of the dramatic experience” {1999, paragraph 41}.
This quote can be used to restate my claim about theater arts being a benefactor in improving mental health among kids.
“The involved students outscored the non involved students as of 8th grade; both groups gain skill as they proceed through high school; and the difference favoring students involved in theatre grows steadily to where nearly 20 percent more are reading at high proficiency by grade 12… This seems reasonable in that students involved in drama and theatre, according to our definition of intensive involvement, probably spend time reading and learning lines as actors, and possibly reading to carry out research on characters and their settings. In any case, theatre is a language-rich environment and actively engages students with issues of language” {1999, paragraph 47}.
I like the data being showed here. I can use this to my advantage when showing data in my piece.
Notes:
From introduction –
“This briefing presents results from our work during the past 2 years exploring interactions between the arts and human development and achievement. This research enlists the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS:88), a panel study which has followed more than 25,000 students in American secondary schools for 10 years.”
This article sounds very credible and a strong source to use for my causal argument as well as my final paper overall.
“The work addresses developments for children and adolescents over the period spent between the 8th and 12th grades, i.e. late middle school through high school.”
Parents putting too much pressure on their children’s grades will lead to poor self-image.
Parental support and extracurricular activities go hand-in-hand for kids. Without one or the other, kids will struggle.
The negative effects of the performing arts
{THE SOURCES UP TOP ARE FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE SEMESTER. THEY ARE JUST PRODUCTS OF MY BRAINSTORMING.}
Current State of the Research Paper:
So far, I feel like my research paper still needs some work in terms of resources. I need to look deeper on Google Scholar and find better sources that support and challenge my argument. I also understand that I need to be more open to sources going against my argument/hypothesis, for not everyone feels the same way about the performing arts. My opinions have not changed immensely through this first draft. However, I anticipate that I will feel a little different and more confident about my paper as I gather more information.
3/19/23 Current State of Research Paper:
After updating some of my sources, I realize that I need to be looking for more sources that contribute to my smaller papers. Not merely the big research paper at the end. As a class, we are breaking the research paper into chunks to make the workload/research process less overwhelming. The sooner I gather sources for my smaller papers, the better off I will be at the end of the semester. I need to focus more on the little things. So, I do not think I am having trouble finding resources, per say. I have plenty of sources already in my white paper. I just need to find some more that will actually benefit my smaller papers and pertain to what they are trying to convey. Not just the final paper. Because the final paper is made up of the smaller papers. I also need to keep responding to each article {taking notes, writing about my reactions to them, etc.}. I am starting to do that with my older sources so that I can keep some of their quotes in mind. But as I gather new sources, I must keep going with this process.
4/11/23 Current State of Research Paper
Now that I am getting to the end of the semester, I realize that I need to revise my small arguments because soon enough, I will be piecing them together to create my final paper. I also believe that my breakdowns of my sources are effective. However, I need to implement them when writing my small arguments. I additionally need to gather sources for my rebuttal argument paper {which I will be doing very soon since the paper is due 4/12 at midnight} and break down my causal argument sources. Overall, I believe I am doing fairly well with my paper. I just need to crunch down on revising and gathering sources for my final argument. This is the hardest point in the semester for me since it is the end of the year. I just need to buckle down so that I do not slip up.
Background: This article explains how money plays a big role in peoples lives but it hasn’t been researched as much. Although what it shows is how people can be more helpful when reminded of money, meaning having a reason to do something. But is it even help if you’re doing it do get something in return. People will put their all into a task and work harder than those not bribed with money.
How I intend to use it : I can use the information from this article to support my research because it proves and explains how easily peoples behavior can change when money is involved. Money can make someone want to do a challenge more, while those not bribed are more likely to be lazy and less physical.
Background: In this article there is information explaining how individuals with lower income risk financial issues because they don’t get the same advice as those who have a higher income. When they get advice they just take it as a compliment.
How I intend to use it: This will support how unfairly people with lower income are treated. They should get the same opportunity as those higher in class. All the information they can get is from friends, family and the internet but a professional can give better advice than any of that. A professional will offer help to those wealthier and it won’t even be used most of the time. Why is it that the wealthy get help when they are obviously not the ones having financial issues.
Background: In this article it explains how people argue about the rich not being taxed fairly just as others are. Someone stated in the article, very briefly, believes that the governments don’t tax the rich because inequality is high or rising. Their is no equality or fairness to how everyone is taxed. The system is rigged to favor the rich.
How I intend to use it: I intend to us this to show how even the government is unfair. They put the rich above the poor. There is no help even from the ones in control, it’s sad because the rich have the money to give more for taxes yet the poor pay more taxes, it makes absolutely no sense. I don’ understand how this has been happening for such a long time and no one has tried to change it.
Background: In this article it explains how the poor are likely to be more generous and less selfish. A University of Toronto published several studies showing that wealthier people act more unethical than those with less money. A lot of the evidence shown explains how in some of the largest fraud cases that the CEO was the one directly responsible.
How I intend to use it: I will use this in my paper to explain how less wealthy individuals tend to be nicer and treat those around them respectful while those who are more wealthy are selfish and greedy. This article also explains how some of the richest people in businesses could be frauds. They take what they have for granted and always want more.
Background: In this article it explains how two studies examine whether psychological mindsets adopted by the wealthy and the less wealthy act to perpetuate inequality. Their was a study held and the wealthy pursue their self interest, the poorer challenged inequality by rejecting unequal offers. In this study many was offered to both but as they hypothesized, the wealthy individuals are more stingy, they think of themselves.
How I intend to use it: I intend to use this information to show how their is more evidence on the poor being more kind than the wealthy. The wealthy put themselves first before others and although that is good, sometimes it can be very selfish. You would think the poor would be greedy since they are the ones in need but it always seems to be the opposite.
Background: In this article it explains how three studies were held with University students and nationwide, this experiment was to show how people will act in different situations with inequality. “In this game, the proposer gives the responder an unfair offer of CN¥2, but keeps the remaining CN¥8 out of CN¥10. If the responder accepts the offer, each receives the proposed amounts; otherwise both receive nothing. We chose the ¥2/¥8 offer that can elicit roughly 50% rejection rates.”
How I intend to use it: I will use this source to prove that there is evidence showing how the rich are even bothered by inequality. This article explains the 3 test that were used to study if the low income or higher income, moods would change. The results show that the low income people wanted to take the offer of more money for themselves. This shows how important money is in our world and how people are easily convinced or have a change of heart.
Background: In this writing the author explains that the role of money has become a the means and end of our happiness. It states that individuals attitude towards money depends on several things such as their childhood experiences, education, financial and social status. They could also pick up their attitude from the ones around them, such as friends or family.
How I intend to use it: I intend to use this to prove that money does effect the way people act, it can change their behavior whether it’s good or bad. This could be from learned behavior or people just feeling like they are better then others.
Background: This short writing is about how not only children are getting bullied for money but so do adults, in their workspace. In a recent report it was shown that 35% of U.S. workers claimed to be bullied while at work. Although, bullying is a problem it has not been made a legal problem.
How I intend to use it: I intend to use this to show that money effects peoples behaviors towards others. People can’t even work without being bullied and this should be known as a problem. As people get older they should mature, not put others down at work and use rude language.
Background: This article explains how managers and employees attitude can cost the company millions of dollars a year. Their behavior drives customers away and although being rude isn’t a sign of violence or harassment it could eventually build up to that or worse.
How I intend to use it: I intend to use this to explain how negative behavior could even cause company’s to lose out on money. If a worker is being rude to customers then that just drives them away, no one wants to be treated unfairly. Everyone wants to be treated with respect and you never know how bad of a day someone is already having so why add more stress.
Background: In this writing it explains how people can be effected by their peers. People may act a certain way because they want to fit in, be recognized or accepted. It also states that money is a source of energy but it can lead to war or conflict. “Individuals attitude towards money is influenced by cultural and individual differences, such as gender, personal values, family, life cycle, age, educational level and social status.”
How I intend to use it: I intend to use this to show that just because people grow up a certain way or are surrounded by peers with negative behaviors, it doesn’t give them the right to be rude. Negative behavior doesn’t get anyone far in life, if individuals know that the way they treat others is wrong then they shouldn’t continue. They should use their family and peers as an example of what they don’t want to be like.
This article really talks a lot about music and it’s affect on mental health. It particularly puts a lot of emphasis on instrumental music and how it can actually affect mental health (particularly classical music). The article mentions that there was a patient that when he leaned more towards classical music, his anxiety went down significantly, and as a result, he actually had improved mood as well. It also talks about other benefits such as improved sleep, lower blood sugar, and even building relationships. It not only covers classical music but all kinds of music, and these benefits of music show that music really does help improve your overall health. I intend to use this article to mainly show some positives as far as mental health, anxiety, and depression so that way, I can show that listening to music benefits your overall health.
We already know that music can definitely help with anxiety and depression. However, with this article, you will be able to see the science behind why music is so good as far as helping with anxiety and depression. It shows that anxiety levels are lowered because music can lower heart and blood rates to calm them down. The music can also help you build relationships with other people as well as “connect with your emotions.” I intend to use this to explain the science behind why music helps with mental health it is important to know the explanation for how music helps with mental health and health in general.
This audio really dives into music therapy, but it still talks a lot about classical music use in music therapy. This stuff really helps with easing depression. This is especially useful when patients get strokes, which really affects mental health and depression. It also talks about what goes on in the brain when listening to music.
This source is similar to the first article in the sense that it also talks about benefits of music. However, this one is leaned more towards classical music. It also touches a lot on mental health.
This source generally talks about how music can affect our overall mood and mental health. Unlike the other sources, it talks about both positive AND negative sides of music and mental/physical health. I intend to use this source to help me in my rebuttal argument and explain why music can decrease your overall health.
Just like the other source, this source shows how music can affect your overall health, both positively and negatively. It also shows how music affects those with specific conditions like depression, dementia, autism, and many other conditions. I intend to use this to show how music can cause your overall health to both improve and digress, and I will use them in both my rebuttal and causal arguments.
This source goes over a couple of problems that music can cause for people. It goes over the effects that it can have on the brain and your physical, emotional, and mental health. It really dives deep into anxiety as well as the fact that music can overstimulate you as well as other problems. This source is mainly used for my rebuttal argument.
This is mainly about music affecting the mind. Here, Harvard uses a lot of studies to see how Music affects the mind, especially when it comes to stress. I am using this in my causal argument to show how music can cause significant change in the mind.
This source just provides a lot more detail into how music affects the mind and our physical health. This is also one of the first sources here that actually dives deeper into social health, or how our relationships with other people is affected. I am definitely using this in my causal and definition arguments to provide a little more insight in the mental and physical and emotional aspects, but I am mainly going to use this to also dive deep into the social aspect of things.
This shows a little more insight in how music can improve overall health. It shows how music can reduce stress as well as treat pain. It also shows correlation with music and brain activity. I am mainly going to use this to provide detail on how music can treat mental and physical health conditions and how brain activity works when music is used.
Background: This article explains how time and money are valuable resources that can bring more happiness to one’s life if it is managed efficiently. Although the article concludes that they are both important, it explains how focusing more on one’s time rather than money will lead to greater happiness. It also discusses how one could spend their money and time individually to maximize their happiness. It states that spending money on experiences rather than time will make you happy and spending your time on acquiring different experiences helps you learn and makes you happier.
How I intend to use: I intend to use this to highlight the importance of money. I want to use this article to show how spending money in other ways can hurt oneself in the long run rather than highlight the ways that spending money and time can make you happy. Not only does the article help me explain how to spend money the right way to have a better happier life but it mentions how spending additional income will not increase happiness.
Background: This source is a journal of consumer psychology and it tries to answer why money doesn’t bring us happiness per se. In the journal, they discuss how although what you are feeling isn’t happiness money does help you solve problems and avoid suffering. They explain how money makes people feel powerful. they also talk about how you don’t have to rely on others when you have money.
How I intend to use: Although the article explains how money is a good thing and how it helps people avert suffering, I intend to use some of the points that they use because I don’t think they are all good things necessarily. They explain how money makes people feel powerful and makes them feel as though they don’t have to rely on people; I don’t see what’s very good about either of those things. No one likes someone who thinks they are better than someone and not having people around that you know you can rely on can be lonely.
Background: This source is a study that compares laypeople’s assumptions about people from different economic classes’ happiness and those people’s own happiness. The results from the study show that they greatly overestimated the effect that lower wages had on people’s happiness and that in fact, the study showed that there wasn’t much correlation between happiness and one’s income.
How I intend to use: I Intend to use this study to show that even though people may be from different classes or have less money than others they can still live happy lives which can be more fulfilling than having too much money.
Background: This source is a study that shows that money impairs one’s ability to savor positive feelings. They tested a sample of wealthy adults and found that they had shown less time savoring their positive emotions than less wealthy people. They also found that the participants who were more wealthy didn’t enjoy chocolate bars as much and didn’t savor them as much as the people with less wealth. They came to the conclusion in this study that money may take away from the simple pleasures in life.
How I intend to use: I intend to use this study to show that in the long run, money may cause more dissatisfaction than satisfaction. Enjoying the small things is a big part of life and helps people in many different ways like coping. Having this impaired and being more neutral to these little experiences of objects in life seem dull and something that can make someone less happy.
Background: This final source is another study that shows what happens to a person’s work ethic and just their mood in general when money is just brought up. They show two different results that lead to one conclusion. One result shows that people who were reminded of money worked less and didn’t have as much drive as those who were not reminded of money. It also showed that those people liked to work alone rather than together. The other result was that people who were reminded of money took leadership and encouraged others to work harder. In the end, they concluded that money did have a big effect on behavior
How I intend to use: I intend to use this article by showing that just the mention of the word money made people immediately change the way they were thinking and acting for themselves and toward others. Although some of the changes in attitude helped the people in the end the others became more bitter and concealed from help and relying on others.
This source discusses which countries are the happiest to the least happy. I was very surprised when I saw some of these results from certain countries. I Understand why Australians and people from New Zealand would be very happy, as a surfer myself I would be happiest there by far. Also although it isn’t a very good point those are some of the coolest countries in the world. the country that has the lowest happiness level was India, although India is a very beautiful country they do struggle with overpopulation and some poverty due to relying on oil. The highest amount of happiness was surprising, I don’t know much about Finland or Denmark there are some studies that say that genetically people from these countries are happier. It also could be because the countries are small and wealthy.
I intend to use this Article to help me prove that happiness’s definition is super squishy since we can’t say for certain what makes these people. Mostly I want to use this article to show that money doesn’t really have much to do with a country’s happiness since some of the wealthiest countries in the world ranked very low on happiness levels.
This source is about the famous philosopher Aristotle who claimed that the ultimate purpose of life is happiness. This was a super interesting article since a claim from over 2000 years ago is still very relevant. Happiness isn’t something that is easily defined, Aristotle thought that a fleeting feeling of joy shouldn’t be what happiness is thought of and instead, it should be the end goal that you have lived your whole life to achieve.
I intend to use this article by using Aristotle’s thoughts on happiness to help define happiness as being fulfilled in one’s life.
The popular notion of a “Machiavellian” figure over-simplifies and unfairly equates Machiavelli’s unobscured political analysis with a preference for immoral behavior.
Hypothesis 2
The works of Niccolò Machiavelli, 16th century Florentine diplomat and infamous cynic, have more viable ideas to reform a 21st century liberal democracy than its officeholders.
Background: Written by Niccolò Machiavelli from exile early in the 16th century, The Prince offers cutting-edge political analysis of the early modern world from a figure who worked on the inside. This text form the bulk of the examples from which to discern Machiavelli’s opinions of politics. Many of his example have become famous tropes of their own (like that of the lion and the fox, or whether it is preferable to be loved or feared). This is, unequivocally, the core text from which arguments about Machiavelli’s thoughts on politics must derive.
How I intend to use it:
By explaining and analyzing passages from the book, I intend to show Machiavelli’s figure to be far less severe than a modern “Machiavellian” character would indicate to a lay person of the 21st century. I do not intend to obfuscate the often brutal opinion he holds on political behavior, such as the use of cruelty. I wish to show the continuity within his thoughts that do not explicit condone or endorse this kind of behavior. The view presented by Machiavelli is more akin to a listing of tools, like hammers and nails. The actions are deplorable, but a good prince to Machiavelli should shrewdly and decisively make use of all tools available to secure their rule and their sovereignty.
Background: Like The Prince, The Discourses was published posthumously. It contains Machiavelli’s commentary on the work’s of Livy and offer profound insight into the writer’s perspective on politics, history, and society. In contrast to the prince, Machiavelli’s Discourses presents not as a proscriptive text for responsible governance, but as an academic examination of history. However, Machiavelli still develops and refines his ideas about government, specifically his preference for democratic republics and his idiosyncratic interpretation of the late Roman Republic.
How I intend to use it:
This book offers a clearer image of the normative Machiavelli, as he entertains many more arguments as to how a government should operate as opposed to working with what is.
Background: Written in 2001 for The American Political Science review, this article by scholar John P. McCormick is first published version of what eventually became his well reviewed book of the same title, Machiavellian Democracy. McCormick re-interprets the Discourses to find a Machiavelli contrary to “pioneer of modern antimoralism” that is seen (according to McCormick) by many accounts.
How I intend to use it:
The conclusion of the paper (and the book of the same title) fall outside the current scope of my hypothesis. However, McCormick’s cogent analysis of the discourses helps dispel the deeply cynical view of Machiavelli more commonly held. In this capacity, it is absolutely useful.
Background: Machiavelli’s relationship with religion has been a topic of debate almost since immediately after his death. It was no secret (after he died) that Machiavelli had substantial and excoriating criticism of the Catholic church in Italy. However, other’s have also argued (often sucessfully) that Machiavelli was a committed Christian who’s supposed “hatred” of the religion is wildly overblown. Colish synthesizes these views and present and more complete image of Machiavelli’s relationship with religion, as well as his contemporary Girolamo Savonarola.
How I intend to use it:
This article presents many of the arguments surrounding Machiavelli and religion, thus serving as an excellent point to begin research into this aspect of his thought. As religion and morality in the early modern were so deeply intertwined, it is invaluable to have a clearer image of what Machiavelli himself thought on the subject. The analysis of Machiavelli’s commentary on his contemporary, Savonarola, also helps demonstrate what Machiavelli does not want to see in a ruler.
Background: Professor Sil is an Indian-Born retired academic who spent the majority of his career in the United States. This article, interestingly, comes from his time as faculty at the University of Benin in Nigeria during the 1980s. The primary concern of the paper, Political Morality vs. Political Necessity helps draw a distinction between the morality (or lack thereof) of political actions and the necessity of doing them.
How I intend to use it:
Sil’s wealth of knowledge and insights into the figures of Machiavelli and Kautiya, an Inidan political theorist who Machiavelli is compared with, offers useful commentary on the political morality and analysis of Machiavelli. While Kautiya is not himself relevant to the hypothesis, he is nevertheless an interesting reference point for research concerning Machiavelli. The passages primarily concern Machiavelli have notably good quotes for direct citation in a potential paper.
Standout quote(s):
“Even if we concede that Machiavelli is a cynic, his cynicism cannot be the the testament of a heartless misanthrope. It is the confession of a conscientious man who would like to live under the reign of virtue but cannot find it among people” (Sil 130).
Background: Innocent Gentillet was a French Huguenot who was exiled from France to Switzerland for his religious beliefs. He wrote a scathing critique of Machiavelli, known now as the “Anti-Machiavel”, in reaction to the St. Bartholomew’s day massacre of protestants in Paris. In the tradition of his time, Gentillet identified his enemies as being influenced by the “evil” writings of Machiavelli.
The basic concept is to explore Machiavelli’s preference for and appraisal of various Republican governments, as well as his service during the Florentine Republican period.
“Do the Ends Justify the Means?: Machiavelli’s Republican Morality in The Discourses“
Machiavelli, in all but the exact phrase, posits thats “the ends justify the means” in his reflections on Romulus and Caesar in The Discourses. This passage, along with his other writings (such as the sections on cruelty in The Prince) would be examined and used to create an argument for or against the validity of the idea.
State of the Paper
Overall, I feel fairly confident in the state of my research. While far from exhaustive, it is wide-ranging and pulls from both the source materials and contemporary authors. With the sources collected so far, it is absolutely possible to convincingly argue that Machiavelli, far from endorsing immoral governance, was actually a strong proponent of virtuous governance. His cynicism should not be read as proscriptive, but rather informative. A naive, well-meaning ruler cannot make it in the unforgiving political world that Machiavelli observed. Thus, this well-intentioned prince should be armed with the knowledge and tools necessary to defend against bad-faith actors.
This article written by,”Bradley Campbell”, expands on the counterintuitive idea that giving addicts drugs is actually safer. Vancoover is a port city meaning lots of drugs coming from the pacific, this makes it a hub for addicts. The city has tried different ways to make the addict rates go down but nothing is really making the difference. After trying different methods and research experiments experts extended a program to 26 heroin addicts. This program essentially was giving these addicts heroin for free however many times they needed it. This in return would stop them from breaking and entering cars and homes as well as harming themselves and others around them for their next fix. Most rehab facilities disagree with this methodology and claim they can help recover even the worst addicts. They also claim that this program is just a way of killing off the addicts in a nice way.
Quotes- “where addicts could shoot up under the supervision of a nurse and without the fear of being arrested by police. Staff at the Insite center provide the addicts with clean syringes, antiseptic wipes and other instruments.”
“Vancouver combats heroin by giving its addicts the best smack in the world”
This article is all about the inevitability of growing out of drugs. It addresses the statistics involved in which most drug addicts “age out of drug use” just by getting bored or finding a cause to quit on their own without any programs or treatment to help. It also talks about how people who work in certain professions or have certain past experiences will have skewed perspectives on addiction and often put a connotation on it that once you’re an addict you’re an addict for life.
Quotes- “if addiction were truly a progressive disease, the data should show that the odds of quitting get worse over time. In fact, they remain the same on an annual basis, which means that, as people get older, a higher and higher percentage wind up in recovery.”
“Similarly, if your only knowledge of alcohol came from working in an ER on Saturday nights, you might start thinking that prohibition is a good idea. All you would see are overdoses, DTs or car crash, rape or assault victims. You wouldn’t be aware of the patients whose alcohol use wasn’t causing problems. And so, although the overwhelming majority of alcohol users drink responsibly, your “clinical” picture of what the drug does would be distorted by the source of your sample of drinkers.”
This article addresses the problems with forcing sobriety on addicts. When addicts are forced to commit to multi step programs to “fix” their addictions they more often than not wind up doing those same drugs just a few weeks out of rehab, only this time their body isnt used to is as well and the same dose they could handle months ago they might not be able to handle now. Risking not making rehab mandatory after serious offenses is a debate up to many but this source is biased towards forcing mandatory rehab.
Quotes- ”They found that almost 50 percent of the mandated patients relapsed within a month of their release, while only 10 percent of voluntary graduates relapsed.”
“ Often, when crimes are committed that involve substance abuse, the offenders are sentenced to rehab.”
National Institute of Drug Abuse, Drug Overdose Death Rates(2023)
This website does not have much information text wise but has very valuable charts that are statistics of different usages of drugs paired together and the overdose rates they cause. This data is scattered from 1999-2021 giving a very clear visual of the prevalence of drugs through times with heroin increasing more and more until a year or two ago. Also I specifically like figure 4 and 5 that show heroin by itself and heroin combined with other opioids (street drugs) the comparison between the 2 is a great resource
Quotes- “Drug overdose deaths involving heroin rose from 1,960 in 1999 to 15,482 in 2017 before trending down to 13,165 deaths in 2020 “
“The bars are overlaid by lines showing the number of deaths involving heroin in combination with synthetic opioids
This source provides an insight into rehab the the effectiveness of it. This source believes that success differs from center to center. This article also offers treatment success rates and how rehab is more necessary than ever. Also stating that each person will need individualized treatment and everything needs to be adapted from person to person and that relapse is not a failure.
Quotes- “There is no one-size-fits-all when it comes to treatment, but it’s most successful when individuals complete the entire course of their treatment and continue with the aftercare programs. “
“Relapse is not an indicator of failed treatment. It means that the individual needs to contact their physician or other healthcare provider to resume treatment, modify modalities, or try a different rehab approach”
“a survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration found that as many as 90 percent of people who need drug rehab do not receive it.”
Vancouver combats heroin by giving its addicts the best smack in the world
This source was a good source for causal argument as well as rebuttal due to the end of the source where they had rehab professionals weigh in on what they thought of the vancouver programs for drug usage. These specialists felt as if it was blackmail to keep the addicts from causing crime and not to help the addict at all. They also believe that even the worst addicts can be helped.
Quotes- “Schauffler says that O’Rourke put it in stark terms, saying the city is killing addicts with kindness. “We might as well put a bullet in their head,” O’Rourke told him. “We’re killing them. We just doing it in a much nicer way.””
“He essentially says that he needs free heroin or else he’ll break into a car. Take your pick. It could lead some to believe the city is giving into an unspoken form of blackmail.”
“Schauffler talked with several people working in rehab centers in Vancouver. Many told him they’ve worked with people to get off heroin addictions, even those most heavily addicted”
This article is all about signs that you are enabling an addict and the harm that it causes. Most times loved ones think they are helping when in reality they are doing more harm than good. Covering addicts when they are too hungover to go to work or making excuses for them only prolongs the addiction. Enabling not only affects the addict and causes them to not face consequences but also creates a dynamic in their families that they don’t like confrontation. This is a good source because giving addicts drugs to “help them” is enabling.
Quotes- “ When a person with a substance use disorder is enabled it lessens the likelihood they will see the need for change. “
“When your loved one is struggling with an addiction to drugs or alcohol, trying to help often leads to more harm than good.”
“ Enabling also refers to the act of helping someone in such a way that rather than solving a problem, it is, in fact, being perpetuated.”
This article talks about street drugs and how unsafe they are. It lists different street drugs and the harm and risks they can cause. Street drugs are drugs that have added chemicals or are contaminated in some way. Heroin is a street drug often added to prescription pills that cause overdoses. This is good because by giving clean drugs we would lessen the amount of street drugs and in return pose less health threats for the addicts.
Quotes: “When you use street or club drugs, you’re taking a lot of risks. The drugs are dangerous, and usually there’s no way to know how strong they are or what else may be in them. “
“ It’s even more unsafe to use them along with other substances like alcohol and marijuana.”
“Heroin use can be deadly. Risk factors for overdose include, simultaneous use of sedatives or alcohol, use of prescription pain pills, and recent abstinence with relapse.”
Increases in Drug and Opioid Overdose Deaths—United States, 2000–2014
This article shows how much drug overdose has increased in relation to opioid drugs and heroin. The rates that are going up at a steady increase are a cause for concern with these prescription drugs that are now killing people because they are no longer safe when made on the streets. Heroin is the main driving factor and heroin is one of the many street drugs that are cut with synthetic opioids. This article has many good resources for the argument that drugs are being laced and tripling the amount of overdoses.
Quote:”The United States is experiencing an epidemic of drug overdose (poisoning) deaths. Since 2000, the rate of deaths from drug overdoses has increased 137%, including a 200% increase in the rate of overdose deaths involving opioids (opioid pain relievers and heroin).”
“Opioids, primarily prescription pain relievers and heroin, are the main drugs associated with overdose deaths.”
“a 15-year increase in overdose deaths involving prescription opioid pain relievers and a recent surge in illicit opioid overdose deaths, driven largely by heroin.”
“Finally, illicit fentanyl is often combined with heroin or sold as heroin. Illicit fentanyl might be contributing to recent increases in drug overdose deaths involving heroin.”
This article attempts to alert teenagers on the issues of cell usage at night time. This is all negative sided towards the usage of smartphones before bed. There are no positive effects that this article mentions and it believes sleep is very necessary. It mainly talks about the blue light exposure that people receive from actively being on their phones and how this can cause sleep deprivation and issues. I intend to use this article to explain the facts of blue light exposure and the sleeplessness it may cause.
This article mentions that the blue light in smartphones can be a risk to insomnia but manufactures are looking for a way to solve this blue light problem. This article is to reassure people that until the blue light issue gets fixed, people should stay off their phones before bedtime. I intend to use this article to show that as of now there are no facts about cell phone use causing insomnia but there are ways that the blue light can be effective on sleeping. The blue light issue can ultimately become resolved.
This article is not facts, it is simple ways that screen time may cause sleep problems. This article shows ways smartphones can be of use and beneficial. There are no studies and found research in this article; it is mostly estimations on how sleep can be an issue towards teens. I intend to use this article to show that there are some benefits to cell phone usage but it can result in insomnia to teens who overuse it.
The background of this article is about the issues phones can cause to the brain. The author talks about sleep specialists and their opinions on this topic. I intend to use sleep specialist’s ideas and thoughts as to why cell phone use at night should be limited. This article speaks specifically on the importance of sleep and how poor sleep can create multiple issues to a person and their body.
This particular article has facts and statistics arguments as to why it is common that people will develop insomnia from using their phones before bed. It describes how cell phones have become an addiction to adolescents. It shows the increase of cell phone addiction and how technology has become something that people use in their daily lives. I intend to use the researchers’ stated and their opinions to emphasize the fact that this can become a bigger problem than it already is.
This article talks about disturbed sleep and how teens that are consistently checking their social media at night are the ones who are becoming sleep deprived. One of the consequences teens go through because of using social media at night is sleep deprivation. This article ca be very useful in all of my papers because sleep deprivation is basically the main topic on why teens are awake on their phones.
This article talks about REM sleep and what it is. This could connect to my topic on teens not getting enough sleep because of phones because the article shows that receiving REM sleep can be the reason that teens are sleeping less soundly because the brain cannot function and have REM sleep with the constant phone use at night. Also, memory problems associated with a loss of REM sleep could be due to overall sleep disruption, since those often occur together. This could be an important sentence to put in the essays.
The alertness to notifications may change the value of sleep for teens because they are more interested in staying in touch overnight than being asleep. Teens are so nosy and concerned for their notifications, they will jump up to check their phones while supposed to be sleeping. This article shows how it is a major problem. I could use this to show hoe teens never fully go to sleep relaxed because they are waiting for a notification.
This article shows multiple reports on sleep. They want to improve adolescent health because of their electronic devices. This also explains how electronic device and social media use increases the odds of short sleep duration. I intend to use this article to show how smartphones are the cause of the increase in self-reported short sleep duration. Sleep deprivation is a high risk when teens are using their phones more than they should and this article can be able to show that in the reports.
This article mainly talks about the obsession teens have with technology and their smartphones. It has interviews of teenagers specifically saying that they use their phone too much especially at night. I intend to use this article to show how teens had admitted that they would reach for their phones as the first thing they did in the morning after waking up and the last thing they did was use their phone. I will be able to explain to my readers how even teenagers believe they are obsessed with their smartphones.
I prefer David or Dave, but students uncomfortable with first names can call me Professor or Mister Hodges. (Sir Dave and Dave-a-lot are popular alternatives.) My ESL students' charming solution, Mister David, is my favorite by far.
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Counterintuitive Spring 2023 