Hypothesis: Due to the history of Policing in America it’s impossible to rehabilitate and therefore should be abolished. 

1. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56834733 

• Backgrond information: The training in the US is vastly different from the way the rest of the world  trains their officers. Finland’s gun ownership per population is higher than America’s with a statistic of 32 per 100 people yet they don’t have the same issue with violence we do. We require the least amount of training yet have the largest population of police officers. The least amount of training and the highest rate of mortality within police interation. They’re allowed to decide of their own discretion how much violence is necessary. When in other countries there are concrete steps required to be met before they are allowed to use any violence at all. 
• How I intend to use it: Finland’s policing system and country proves that violence isn’t a byproduct of the police existing in the first place. This can negate the argument that the act of policing is just such a violent career that it’s impossible for police not to end up violent in response. The fact that every country’s departments don’t have the same rate of police killings allows us to make the assumptio that there is something wrong with what the United States specifically is doing for these conditions to create themselves.

2. https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/doi/full/10.1111/1745-9133.12536 

• Background Information: This study takes a real police department  in America and records the data of their violence before and after de-esclation training and tatics were put to use. 
• How I intend to use it:  This study provides more information why de-escalation and non-voilence can’t be the solution to solving the issue of the police’s brutality within America. In this study the rates of violence decreased but they did not disappear. A lesser amount of violence is not the goal. None is. 

3. https://time.com/6181463/george-floyd-square-memorial-future/ 

• Background Information: George Floyd was killed in May of 2020 and in response citizens took over a square block of the city where he was murdered, this came to be known as George Floyd Square. An autonomous block functioning without police or government presence. As more time passes and the significance of George Floyd’s death’s importance lessens to the general public it raises the question of how long this square will be allowed to stay and exist. 
• How I will use it: You know what is better than less violence? No violence at all. I want to look at how the Square functioned and governed itself without a traditional police presence present and how it would look implemented around the country. Self-governing and community protection is a viable option to be engaged in community’s around the country 

4. https://sites.uab.edu/humanrights/2021/12/08/the-history-of-policing-in-the-us-and-its-impact-on-americans-today/#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20policing%20can,first%20unofficial%20police%20in%20America. 

• Background information: This is a definitive timeline of how policing came to be. How it’s history influences the violence and culture enforced within stations across the nation. 
• How I intend to use it: I can make the claim in my hypothesis that police are gang like but without proper proff it’s empty words. This source allows me to point directly at why and how the police act the way they do with proof past the general populations knowledge of the police.  

5. https://www.minnesotamonthly.com/lifestyle/business-politics/at-a-crossroads-the-evolution-of-george-floyd-square/ 

• Background information: George Floyd Square was created in response to George Floyd’s Murder and while the square is now reffered to as just a memorial it was and continues to be a political movement. 
• How I intend to use it: The presence of the square existing is being used as a reason for 38th being more violent but I think that the presence of the nonpoliced area only amplified the issues that were already there.  

6.  https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/aug/15/400-years-since-slavery-timeline 400 Years since slavery Time Line by Khushbah Shu 

• “introduction to US history is the arrival of 102 passengers on the Mayflower in 1620. But a year earlier, 20 enslaved Africans were brought to the British colonies against their will.” 
• “The recession of the late 19th century hit the US. Knight riders went out in the dark, burning the homes of African Americans who bought their own land.” 
• Background information In order to get people to but into my outrageous claim I must first convince them of something that is less insane. Slavery is bad. Using this artilce and the statistics it provides gives me proof I need to convince people of this moral clause 
• How I intend to use it: America, Home of the free land of the brave. This is the ideology we’ve been taught throughout history. Within our education there have been unmistakable efforts to rewrite history with the United States always being the good guy. It’s forced us to never truly reconcile with the truth of our own history. In the article written by Khushbah Shu, 400 Years Since slavery Timeline, it’s revealed to us that despite many people’s first recollection of the British colonizer’s  migration to America being the Mayflower, “ But a year earlier, 20 enslaved Africans were brought to the British colonies against their will.” 

7. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/horrors-slavery-1805 The Horrors of Slavery, 1805 

• Backround information. Rather than just simply saying slavery was cruel. Its more beneficial to have concrete accounts of the common practices of the time. Anyone can say anything is inhumane. So this calls into question what our society’s intrperetation of what humanity is. 

8. Injured Humanity; Being A Representation of What the Unhappy Children of Africa Endure from Those Who Call Themselves Christians By Samuel Wood Published by Broadside  

• From the article titled,  Injured Humanity Graphic Arts written by Julie Melby we find out that Samuel Wood was a Quaker and a New York Printer. In the midst of the political warfare that would eventually end in the criminalization of the Atlantic Slave trade Wood wrote Injured Humanity. His attempt to shine light on the injustices endured by enslaved people during their transportation from Africa to America. He wrote an article; its title which is an argument in itself is  Injured Humanity; Being A Representation of What the Unhappy Children of Africa Endure from Those Who Call Themselves Christians. Here we can find first hand accounts to a the quality of life enslaved peoples were granted, “  to divide them into different classes: the first consisting of those bought for the use of the plantations : the second of the in and out-door slaves. The field slaves are called out by daylight to their work: if they are not out in time, they are flogged.”  There’s no quality of life living outside, being reduced to a location.  
•  but husbands and wives, parents and children, are parted with as little concern as sheep and lambs by the butcher. 

9. https://www.princeton.edu/~graphicarts/2009/09/injured_humanity.html Injured Humanity, Graphic arts by Julie L. Melby

• Explains who Samuel Wood is 

10. https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/countries/united-states/ 

According to the United States at the OECD Better Life Index, “Housing is essential to meet basic needs, such as shelter, but it is not just a question of four walls and a roof. Housing should offer a place to sleep and rest where people feel safe and have privacy and personal space; somewhere they can raise a family.”  

11.https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/experience/gender/history.html 

12. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/02/legacy-trauma 

13.https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/police-studies/the-history-of-policing-in-the-united-states-part-1/  

14. National Law Enforcement Officers Funds, Slave Patrols an Early Form Of Policing, NLEOMF.org, Accessed 2023

15. News, APD, Timeline of Events since George Floyd’s Arrest and Murder, 2022 

16. Potter, Gary, The History of Policing in the United States, Eastern Kansas University, 2013