Bibliography – Clevland Brown

Posted on April 25, 2023 by clevelandbrown03

(What Is The Average Police Response Time in the US? | ASecureLife.com)  

(Background)

This article was written by By Matt Halpin he has done research on the average time of arrival by police in a handful of cities. He tells the reader about how the dispatch works  and also how 911 calls are prioitiesed. It says “Priority 1 calls can include some kind of dangerous, in-progress crime that requires immediate response. Or they can be life-threatening injuries where every minute can mean the difference between life or death for the people involved. And lower-priority calls are usually far less urgent and might include things like reporting stolen goods, traffic and parking disputes, and other less dire matters.” 

(Reasoning)

The reason I choose this as evidence for why police should be in school, is to show the reader that no matter what state your in the police will never be fast enough to save lives. If a shooter is on the scene you want someone already there, as a potential victim you don’t want to have to wait on police and other first responders to come. Because by then it will be too late. 

(School Shootings This Year: How Many and Where (edweek.org).

(Background) This article was written by Education Week. They where talking about how many school shooting have taken place in 2023 alone. And in this year their have been 14 school shootings that have resulted in injuries or death. 

(Reasoning) 

The reason I choose this article was to show readers how often school shooting are taking place in America and how its only going to get worse. It was to grab the readers attention and let them know how important it is we do something now to protect students, our future children and grandchildren.

(High School SRO accused of excessive force in incident captured on video | WPRI.com) 

(Background)

Written by Shiina Lciuto, this story is about an officer who used excessive force on a student. The officer is being sued and is accused of violating the students right of expression and is also accused of targeting the student. 

(Reasoning) 

The reason I choose this is to show the reader that I know there can be flaws with having police in school. It was also to show how my system will prevent actions like that from happening again. 

(Facts About Armed Guards in Schools Statistics – Safe and Sound Security (getsafeandsound.com)

(Background)

Written by Zara Gul, this article talks about why we need police in school and why its important. Also lets us as readers know that its important to know that having  security doen’t mean that they are armed. It says 43% of schools that have security in their schools already and how in 2009 to 2010 12% of schools had armed security guards, but it decreased overtime. 

(Reasoning)

The reason I choose this is to show the reader that some school have thought about the idea. It’s unclear why the number of armed guards had decreased overtime, but its time that schools bring that system back.

(School Shooting Tracker: Counting school shootings since 2013 (nbcnews.com). 

(Background) 

Written by NBC news this is another school shooting stastistic but dates back to 2013 to now and “Since 2013, 110 people have been killed and 163 injured by gunfire in 58 school shootings, according to a school shooting tracker NBC News is making public. As of April 24, 2023, it has been 28 days since the last school shooting.” 

(Reasoning) 

I did this to show the reader that this has been happening for a long time and the last even wasn’t even a month ago.

(What research shows about police in schools – Chalkbeat).

(Background)

This article was written by Matt Barnum, it talks about the struggles people have with having police in school. It says that the police will keep the students safe, but will it have a negative impact on students? 

(Reasoning) 

I choose this because it nails my topic right on the head. The system that I set in place will be great for all students. And as a parent would rather have their kid come home rather than be a sitting duck for a gunman. Not every system is perfect but if your kid can feel safe in school then its worth it and the police are doing their job. 

(Heritage High School: Boy taken into custody after Virginia school shooting that left 2 wounded, police say | CNN).

(Background) 

Written by  Artemis Moshtaghian and Sahar Akbarzai, they talk about another student shooting 2 students. He was taken into custody and both students survived. 

(Reasoning) 

This one hit home because this happened miles away from my school and some of my friends knew who the kid was. I also used this because our school has police outside, security inside and a metal detector in both entrances to protect our school and herage doen’t. I used this as an example to show the reader why schools who don’t have police put their students in danger at all times.

(Miah Cerrillo: 11-year-old school shooting survivor called 911, smeared blood on herself, played dead | CNN)|Florida school shooting:

(Background) Written by Nora Neus, Melissa Alonso and Claire Colbert.

In this article it talks about an 11-year-old girl who survived a school shooting. She said she covered herself in blood so that the shooter would think she is dead. She ended up surviving that terrible event and told her story on CNN.

(Reasoning)

The reason I used this story as evidence for why we need police in school is to give the reader a visual of what she and so many other survivors have gone through. I know when I read this story, I had to put myself in her shoes. And she will never forget that day and she may never truly feel safe again, I know I wouldn’t.

(Central Park Five: Crime, Coverage & Settlement (history.com)

(Background) This article is about 5 kids who were in central park the same night a woman had gotten raped. The cops found these boys and forced them to make false stories against the other person. And when they went to trail all of them were found guilty and sent to jail. Years later the real rapist came forward and cleared the names of the boys that where there that night.

(Reasoning) I chose this story for two reasons, one was to show why the black community doesn’t trust the police, and the other reason was to show why having police in schools is important. Those kids where too young and didn’t understand their rights. Those officers knew that and took advantage of them and sent them away for a long time. But if we had police in schools to educate kids on what to do if they get stopped or arrested, and they teach them what to say or what not to say. This will keep kids from making the same mistake as the Central Park 5 kids. And those lessons will stick with them for life.

(Keeping Schools Safe: Case Studies and Insights – Google Books)

(Background)

Written by: Bryain Warnick, Benjamen A. Johnson, and Sam Rocha

In this article they talk about why they don’t think having security in school would work. They say that kids seeing gun and school having metal detectors will cause them to be violent.

(Reasoning) The reason I choose this is that I felt their argument was weak and quite frankly stupid. Violence is already everywhere in our society weather it’s in movies or in the student’s everyday life. And without having the police to protect the schools the students and teachers can be subject to a school shooting.

Posted in Bibliography, ClevelandBrown, Portfolio ClevelandBrown | Leave a comment

Bibliography — Shazammm

Posted on April 25, 2023 by Samantha Szumloz
  1. Block, Eryn P., Wong, Mitchell D., Kataoka, Sheryl H., Zimmerman, Frederick J. A symphony within: Frequent participation in performing arts predicts higher positive mental health in young adults. Elsevier. Social Science & Medicine, 2022 January. 

Background: This article poses the question as to whether or not the performing arts help the mental health of young adults/adolescents. It also dives into some of the psychological and societal benefits of getting involved in the performing arts and merely the arts in general. It additionally discusses the fact that kids/young adults from well-off backgrounds have more artistic opportunities than those who do not, basically.   

How I used it: I used this article to help me backup my claim that the performing arts improves mental health. 

  1. Daykin, Norma, Orme, Judy, Evans, David, Salmon, Debra, McEachran, Malcolm, Brain, Sarah. The impact of participation in performing arts on adolescent health and behaviour: a systematic review of the literature. Sage Publications. Journal of Health Psychology, 2008 March. 

Background: This article offers data from 1994 to 2004 on the effects of performing arts among children and adolescents.  

How I used it: Same as the previous article, I used it to back up my claim that the performing arts improves mental health. I also used it to give me more insight as a writer on the psychological benefits of performing.  

  1. Hornbrook, David. Education and Dramatic Art 2nd Edition. Routledge. Routledge, 13 January 1998. 

Background: This article critiques the dramatic arts in educational settings and the brief history of the dramatic arts in schools.  

How I used it: I used this article to give me more information about the history of the dramatic arts in schools. Even though I did not incorporate this into my paper, it was still interesting to read about. 

  1. Anderson, Jennifer C., Funk, Jeanne B., Elliott, Robert, Smith, Peg H. Parental support and pressure and children’s extracurricular activities: relationships with amount of involvement and affective experience of participation. Elsevier. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2003.  

Background: This article discusses how parents impact the extracurricular participation of their children through either support or pressure.    

How I used it: I did not incorporate this piece into my research. However, I used it as a backup piece just in case one of my other articles did not provide adequate information, citations, etc. to support my thesis. 

  1. Silvey, Philip E. Imagination, Play, and the Role of Performing Arts in the Well-Being of Children. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. Handbook of Child Well-Being, 2014 January.   

Background: This article dives deeper into the potential of the performing arts and how kids can benefit from expressing themselves through song, dance, etc.  

How I used it: I believe I did not incorporate this piece into my research paper at the end. However, I put this into my white paper just in case one of my other articles did not work. I also used it to help me understand the benefits of theater, performing, etc. 

  1. Powell, Deborah, Higgins, Heidi J., Aram, Roberta, Freed, Andrea. Impact of No Child Left Behind on Curriculum and Instruction in Rural Schools. Mississippi State University. The Rural Educator Volume 31, 15 November 2009. 

Background: This article breaks down the NCLB Act and its impacts on schools. 

How I used it: I used it to help me understand the NCLB Act since I had trouble understanding it beforehand. 

  1. Raj, Ambika G. Conceptualizing Creativity as Progressive Pedagogy. IGI Global. California State University, n.d.  

Background: This article discusses how creativity/creative activities can be used as a successful tool in teaching children. 

How I used it: I used it to help broaden my knowledge on creative activities in general. Unfortunately, this did not end up in my research paper. 

  1. Catterall, James S., Chapleau, Richard, Iwanaga, John. Involvement in the Arts and Human Development: General Involvement and Intensive Involvement In Music and Theatre Arts. The Imagination Project at UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies. University of California at Los Angeles, 1999 July. 

Background: This article discusses the positives of young adults getting involved in theatrical/performance activities.   

How I used it: I believe I used it as a reference and a guide to help me gain a better understanding of the performing arts being a positive force in school systems.  

  1. Merrell, Kenneth W., Gimpel, Gretchen A. Social Skills of Children and Adolescents: Conceptualization, Assessment, Treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates {1998} and then published by Psychology Press {2014}. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998. 

Background: This article discusses numerous treatment methods for children who are struggling socially in school. 

How I used it: I used it to help support my claim that the performing arts/creative outlets are necessary to have in school settings. 

  1. Lee, Andrew M.I. What is No Child Left Behind (NCLB)?  . Understood. Understood, n.d. 

Background: This article explains the NCLB Act in simple terms to those who do not understand the Act. I had no idea what the NCLB Act was about whe Professor Hodges brought it up to me, so I used this article as a reference as well as a self-teaching method. 

How I used it: I used it to help me better understand NCLB and I additionally used it as a reference to help me define NCLB for my final argument. 

  1. Lee, Andrew M.I. No Child Left Behind Comes to an End With the Passage of the Every Student Succeeds Act. Understood. Understood, 10 December 2015. 

Background: This article breaks down the ESSA Act in simple terms, detailing its guidelines and changes to the NCLB Act.  

How I used it: I used it to help me better understand the ESSA Act and the present day laws regarding standardized testing. I also used it as a reference in my paper. 

  1. Klein, Alyson. 31 March 2016. The Every Student Succeeds Act: An ESSA Overview. Education Week. Education Week, 31 March 2016 

Background: This article additionally addresses the ESSA Act and breaks it down in simple terms. 

How I used it: I used it to help me better understand the ESSA Act. 

  1. Duignan, Brian, Jeanette, N.L., The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. No Child Left Behind. Britannica. Britannica, 2008 September

Background: This article details the history of the NCLB Act and its policies. 

How I used it: I used it as a reference to define the NCLB Act in my paper and I also used it to help me better understand the history behind the act. 

  1. Arts Education Partnership, American Arts Alliance, American Association of Museums, American Symphony Orchestra League, Americans for the Arts, Association of Art Museum Directors, Association of Performing Arts Presenters, Dance/USA, The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts/ Kennedy Center Alliance for Arts Education Network, MENC: The National Association for Music Education, National Assembly of State Arts Agencies, OPERA America, Theatre Communications Group, VSA arts. No Subject Left Behind. Americans For The Arts. Americans For The Arts, 29 August 2005. 

Background: This article highlights the impact of the NCLB Act on the performing arts in schools overall. It also discusses the issues of budget cuts due to the NCLB Act. 

How I used it: I used it to back up my claims on the NCLB Act being a negative force in schools. 

Posted in Bibliography, Portfolio Shazammm, Portfolio SP23, Shazammm | Leave a comment

Bibliography – chickennugget246

Posted on April 24, 2023 by chickennugget246

Al-Ozaibi, L., Adnan, J., Hassan, B., Al-Mazroui, A., Al-Badri, F. (2016). “Seat belt syndrome: Delayed or missed intestinal injuries, a case report and review of literature.” International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. Volume 20. Pages 74-76.

Background: This article contains real life medical reports of injuries caused by seatbelts, including the medical images and diagnosis. It also lists specific afflictions caused by the force of seat belts in car accidents. Death is listed as a possible outcome.

How I Used It: This source was used to review and research multiple case studies. Real life medical reports and images were included in this piece. Internal injuries were noted and caused by the use of seat belts. Medical diagnosis was included to support the idea that seat belts can actually hurt instead of protect the occupants of motor vehicles in car accidents.

Azam, T. (2022, March 16). “Do Motorcycles Have Seat Belts.” 

Background: This piece gave information on comparing motorcycles and cars and why motorcycle riders do not use seat belts. It further goes into detail how motorcycle riders use other mechanisms to stay safe on the roadway by using hand signals and checking their blind spots multiple times before changing lanes.

How I Used It: In my paper I used a comparison to motorcycles to show that there are vehicles that do not use seat belts and are still safe on the road because of the driver’s behaviors and safety techniques. This article supports that concept and shows how motorcycles still reman safe. The article was utilized to support the idea that seat belts are not safe to be installed in motorcycles or motor vehicles.

Bieber, C. “Distracted Driving Statistics & Facts in 2023.” February 23, 2023.

Background: This article describes types of distracted driving along with numerous statistics regarding death and injuries caused by the same. The list contains usual cell phone use, texting, talking on the phone, and listening to loud music which all contributes to distracted driving, leading to reckless driving.

How I Used It: This article was utilized to support the portion of my paper that dealt with driving behaviors. Distracted driving is a poor driving behavior that causes numerous accidents. As a main theme of my paper, the use of the mechanical device of the seatbelt is harmful and the true means of safe driving is actually the safe practices of the driver. Statistics on distracted driving supported my theme.

Bishop, L. “Car Accident Statistics: Fatalities, Injuries and Top Risk Factors.” March 28, 2023.

Background: This article discusses the number and causes of car accidents, including the number of deaths and injuries throughout the entire country. The statistics in this article covered the entire country, not just our region.

How I Used It: I used this article to support my position that the main cause of accidents and their resulting deaths and injuries is poor driving, not the failure to use seat belts. The statistic that I utilized from this article dealt with distracted driving.

Chandler, R. (2018, April 3). “7 Reasons Motorcycle Riders Make Better Car Drivers.” 

Background: This article describes in detail the ways in which motorcycle riders drive safely to protect themselves on the roadway. Motorcyclists use hand signals, keep their head lights on even during the day, and do multiple blind spot checks.

How I Used It: I utilized this article to further emphasize that operators of motor vehicles can incorporate the same methods of motorcycle riders to stay safe on the roadway. I also utilized this article to show how motorcycle riders stay more alert on the road because they do not have the false sense of security that motor vehicle drivers develop from the alleged safety devices that motor vehicles have, such as airbags and seatbelts.

“Common Seat Belt Issues: Why You Should Get Them Checked.” September 8, 2021.

Background: This article discusses how seat belts malfunction and offers examples of how they malfunction. Some examples of these malfunctions would be damaged seatbelts, locking issues, and retractor problems. These malfunctions lead to possible seat belt injuries if the driver happens to get into a car accident.

How I Used It: I used this article to show that even the proper use of seat belts can still cause death and injuries because the seat belt mechanism itself is not, by any means, full proof. This concept further supports my position that seat belts not only cause a false sense of security, but are harmful when they are worn.

Huecker, MR, Chapman, J. (2022, September 9). “Seat Belt Injuries.” 

Background: This article goes through the history of seatbelt use and discusses in depth how they can be harmful by causing injuries. Those injuries include external and internal injuries, including seat belt syndrome and how the seat belt causes injuries to your organs.

How I Used It: I used this article to describe the injuries caused by seat belts to support my argument that seat belts are not safe and that they are merely establishing a false sense of security.

Ingraham, C. “Here’s how good (or awful) your hometown drivers are at wearing a seatbelt.” April 4, 2017.

Background: This article discusses how many people across the U.S. wear seat belts. Statistics were listed regarding seat belt use in the states. The priority of seat belt use, including seat belt laws, are discussed in each state as well.

How I Used It: I used this article to establish an overall framework for the reader as to the significance of this issue of seat belt use by showing the statistics across the country of their use in general.

Lubitz, K. (2020, July 21). “Risk Homeostasis: Reducing risk does not necessarily reduce accidents.” 

Background: This article discusses Dr. Gerald Wilde’s theory that people assess risk differently and people have a specific level of risk that is tolerable to them. People respond to reductions in the perceived risks by increasing their risky behaviors based on the level of risk tolerance that they possess.

How I Used It: I used the theory in this article to support the idea of seat belts creating a false sense of security which in turn creates more risky drivers as the levels of perceived risk falls by the use of seat belts.

McGinley, K., Brennan, R. (2022, December). “Car Accidents by State.” 

Background: This article describes overall statistics for car accidents in the states, and deaths and injuries caused by car accidents. There is also a table shown, providing a state by state breakdown of fatal motor vehicle crashes and motor vehicle crash deaths per all 50 states as of 2020.

How I Used It: I used this article to show the states with the most car accidents. It was important to show that New Hampshire, the state with minimal seat belt legislation, was not in the top states listed for having the most car accidents.

Najari, F. (2015, October). “An Immediate Death by Seat Belt Compression; A Forensic Medicine Report – PMC.” Retrieved March 6, 2023.

Background: This article discussed a real life case study of a 49 year old man who died from wearing a seat belt during a motor vehicle accident. Included are the injuries resulting from the use of a seat belt.

How I Used It: I used this article to immediately grab the reader’s attention by starting off my paper with a graphic illustration of a person being killed by wearing a seat belt. This case study set a dramatic tone for the paper from the outset. This example supported my thesis on why seatbelts are dangerous and why they should be eliminated.

“Seat Belt Law.” Retrieved April 17, 2023.

Background: This source describes the seat belt laws in New Hampshire. It also discusses that the state is not among the top 10, or even 20, of high accident fatality rates.

How I Used It: I used this source to describe how a state with minimal seat belt legislation was still able to maintain safer roadways than many other states. This was important information to argue against legal mandates for seat belt use.

Sheldon, A. “A Seat Belt History Timeline.” March 2, 2023.

Background: This article traced back the use of safety restraints in motor vehicles. It supplied a timeline of dates and information on each stage of the seat belt history.

How I Used It: I used this to educate the reader and to establish credibility in the article by providing background information on seat belts for the reader.

“The Peltzman Effect.” Retrieved April 17, 2023. 

Background: The article is about the idea of the Peltzman Effect which states that when safety measures are implemented people actually tend to increase their risky behaviors due to the increased sense of security.

How I Used It: This was a crucial article for my paper. It directly supported my theme that using seatbelts creates risky driving by creating an increased sense of security and protection.

Posted in Bibliography, ChickenNugget, Portfolio ChickenNugget | 3 Comments

Bibliography – Water

Posted on April 24, 2023 by Water

1. Daniel C. Wood | Facial Recognition, Racial Recognition, and Clear and Present Issues With AI Bias Robotics, Artificial Intelligence & Law | May–June 2021, Vol. 4, No. 3

Background: In the article “Facial recognition, Racial Recognition, and the Clear and Present Issues with AI Bias” the author announces that AI recognition has many flaws and rather than help the user it causes more conflict that can occur and ruin someone’s life. Whenever AI software goes through a run, its shows that determining the race is not always right and factors such as background can disrupt final observations.

How I Used It: As an introduction to my hypothesis to share the opinions of others who may think similarly to this hypothesis. The goal was to downplay the power and credibility of facial recognition and to express how an expensive program can not be as useful or reliable to get information.

2. https://terra-docs.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/IJHSR/Articles/volume3-issue6/2021_36_p17_Mandis.pdf

Background: After realising the errors of facial recognition programs, the urge to fix these issues is immediately called upon. Given that numerous amounts of money get dumped on programs to detect faces and to determine what race one is must mean that they are reliable and accurate. In this article, percentages are given when comparing changes in accuracy in relation to race, skin color or hobbies.

How I Intend to Use It: I plan to use the statistics and percent change after programmers/users observe when they try to fix the program to be responsive to culture and background. Express how the more data the program is fed, the more error-prone it becomes. it can be used as a counterintuitive source where for some instances the change in percentage of how accurate the program becomes does get closer to what the person actually is.

3. Wu W, Protopapas P, Yang Z, Michalatos P. | Gender Classification and Bias Mitigation in Facial Recognition | Published online July 06, 2020

Background: This summary is about how a group of people wanted to test the accuracy of a program when it comes to gender and sexuality. By grouping LGBTQ members along with nonbinary members, the program was given the task to point out those who are in their respective groups and to a surprise, the program got the majority of them correct. This proves that some programs can be misleading that guide those who are unaware of possible errors to a degree where it can ruin a life. Yet this survey, proves that it can be accurate given enough information and reliable.

How I used it: In the counterintuitive aspect of my hypothesis where the program completes its goal and is dependable for government forces or corporations’ use. An argumentative point was made that it was.a developer issue and how after the researchers decided to do something about it add changes and make advancements/improvements they made changes but proved their hypothesis of how facial recognition has no diversity and this issue can lead to misidentifications

4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43681-021-00108-6

Background: With the advancement in technology, more people become dependable on their devices. In the sense of generalizing programs comparing those with similar features to be the same race or ethnicity, kinds of information gathered from people’s faces manually update the AI to be familiar with behavioral decisions and learn new techniques for predicting one’s action. These kinds of techniques may sound nice on paper but when used in real-life situations, the program can influence cops/users to believe that person could be dangerous or falsely identify someone.

How I Intend to Use It: People give into technology and believe whatever it shows without having a slight bit of doubt. they are so confident with the response shown without fact-checking if it’s right, and solve it themself. If some investigation were to use a facial recognition program the probability of it giving a response that could throw them off are moderate to highly.

5. https://ai4da.com/ai-racial-equality/

Background: Racial biased was described in an example of how a program that hires based on someone’s face could be racially biased towards someone middle-aged and white. The math to ensure problems like this don’t occur is something numbers will be able to solve, it needs to understand the culture and the diverse side of the world. In the example where a certain program was run on 7,000 people, the final examination was that the program was directly racist and it could’ve been due to the natural instinct of a coder who thought it was a norm.

How I Intend to Use It: The dark side of the facial program can be that the reason for these racial biases is from the programmers themselves instead of the lack of cultural information. Instances like this make it hard to fix since everyone is biased towards culture and sexuality. Giving someone the job to determine what they are is an opportunity to express these biases, therefore, facial recognition programs are merely biased and not fixable.

6. Brian E.Finch | Addressing Legitimate ConcernsAbout Government Use of FacialRecognition Technologies | Published October 30, 2020 | Via The Heritage Foundation

Background: When it comes to facial recognition and they’re problems, that can be identified as false positive and false negative. False negative occurs when the algorithm of the program fails to return a matching image despite being in a category that can be detailed. A false positive is when the image of an individual is matched to a person whom is completely different, creating the idea that facial recognition can be misleading and misidentifies one even when provided with pictures of multiple people

How I Used It: I used the definitions of problems facial recognition and mixed in of scenario of how either false negative and false positive can be a problem that doesn’t get solved, since its an enteral issue and slightly less of a developer problem.

7. Halley Sutton | Report finds department abused facial recognition software | published 2019 | Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company

Background: A study was conducted on a case where police officers in New York were abusing the software program and making mugshots to resemble celebrities and making false bookings where they would try to make themselves look better for the media. The study went down the rabbit hole of what the officers did and how they would adde images of some celebrities and tried to match them with criminals, they went to the extent of photoshopping/editing the pictures to make them look good for the records.

How I intend to Use It: I will show how the program can be a harm to the public is used hby the wrong hands, people are willing to manipulate the system to make themselves look better, some would even change pictures to make their achievement look as if it was no problem, programs like this can danger ones life or even ruin them. WE have to notice this and make sure the message is clear that something that can be rewritten just by the likes of someone who is a regular officer have the capabilities of manipulating the system undercover for personal gain and not by doing it the right way in the name of justice.

8. Kaitlin Jackson | Challenging Facial Recognition Software in Criminal Court | July 2019 | provided by NACDL

Background: An issue that one faces after being misidentified and is wrongfully put behind bars would be facing charges for a crime they may have never been in. After one is put behind bars and they know they are innocent and don’t want to face charges they can take the department to court and try to gain back their freedom. Although this can be tedious for they would have to go through a process of eye witness and use them to testify the alleged person and see whether they can confirm the picture is telling the truth.

How I Intend to use it: I will show the importance a flaw in the device that is supposed to get information on one based on a picture, something like this can be take away ones life time because the device thought they were the person involved in either a crime or conflict. To further prove that the aftermath is just as worse as the main issue trying to get ones name clear of what they didn’t do.

9. Amazon | What is Facial Recognition? | published online | Amazon

Background: On their website they have a subsection dedicated to the success of their facial recognition software and how they claim their software has near perfect accuracy and their only flaw are due to external problems but are simple things that can be fixed or improved.

How I used it: I used amazons own words of how they claim to have an accurate facial recognition software and how the only issue of the program would due to third part factors such as lighting and angles or volume of ones features. I used it as the rebuttal argument and provided questions regarding the program and how it can be misleading.

10. Innovatrics | How the accuracy of facial recognition technology has improved over time | Author: Barbara Rusnáková | Published online

Background: “the better the dataset that the neural network is trained on, the better are the results. To help the machine learn better, the datasets have to be labeled correctly and checked for mistakes. The other avenue is to rely on improving computing power. Neural networks can be more precise and their outputs can be tested repeatedly to find and repair their blind spots” this piece of text presents the claim that developer are making to prove the facial recognition is a work in progress technology that given time would improve and make the machine more accurate.

How I Used it: I disprove this by saying that the only reason for the machines failure is natural and is something that cant be fixed immediately, I try to ask questions as if I were interviewing the developers by trying to understand the reason its not something that can be fixed imminently

11. Jake P., Senior Director, Government Relations, SIA, and David R., Chief Operating Officer & General Counsel, Rank One Computing| What Science Really Says About Facial Recognition Accuracy and Bias Concerns | July 23, 2022 | Security Industry Association

Background: The article tries to disprove a paper conducted on why the flaws of facial recognition occur and how they have no racial diversity in the datasets, and their counterclaim to the paper is by saying, “the paper is frequently cited as showing that facial recognition software “misidentifies’ ‘ dark-skinned women nearly 35% of the time. But there’s a problem: Gender Shades evaluated demographic-labeling algorithms, not facial recognition.” restating the claim to be that the paper has the information wrong and they made it seem like it was written to say the program is racial bias and have inclusion of dark skinned people.

How I used it: I disprove the claim of that being that the paper is biased and is making these claims in spite of trying to get them shut down, instead I find ways to make the paper present it self more and show why tis right and not biased. I used facts and use the counterclaims own words by stating that if they think its bias, why don’t they use information of the same program to disprove.

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Annotated Bibliography-rowanstudent6

Posted on April 24, 2023 by rowanstudent6

Black, K. P., Elwany, M. H.S., Mead, S. T., Scarfe, B. E. “The Science of Surfing Waves and Surfing Breaks – A Review” Scripps Institute of Oceanography. 2003. 2023.

Background: This article gave a comprehensive background of surfing. It explained the proper board to use, rudimentary mechanics, and what makes a wave break. It also gave an explanation of the parts of a wave as surfers see them.

How I Used: I used this to gain an understanding of how waves form in order to understand why dredging is an issue for New Jersey surf. Aside from my own knowledge of changing breaks back home, I used this to understand the science behind what happens at home.

Dally, W. R., Osiecki, D. A. “Evaluating the Impact of Beach Nourishment on Surfing Surf City, Long Beach Island, New Jersey, U.S.A.” Journal of Coastal Research. Coastal Education and Research Foundation, Inc. July 2018. 2023.

Background: This text further examines how dredging is completed as well as its effects on one particular surf break in New Jersey.

How I Used: I used this information to explain the particulars of how waves break in New Jersey and how the dredging affects the surf every year. As a New Jersey surfer I can attest to the effects that this dredging has on the community as a spot that breaks well one year may not break well the next.

Minsberg, T. “Finding Gender Equality in the World’s Most Dangerous Waves” New York Times. New York Times. 22 December 2022. 2023.

Background: This article explains the past gender inequalities between men’s and women’s surfing as women have professionally been barred from surfing some of the best and most dangerous waves in the past.

How I Used: I used this to help craft an argument as to why Pipeline is worse than New Jersey for surfing as there are sexist barriers professionally at Pipeline, but there is no such barrier in New Jersey.

Warren, J. “Mechanics of Pipeline and Backdoor“ Surfline. 6 January 2022. 2023.

Background: This article explains the various factors that make the Banzai Pipeline. It discusses proper conditions such as swell and wind as well as the bathymetry and best season for surfing this wave.

How I Used: I used this to gain an understanding of how Pipeline functions in order to prove that while the wave seems dangerous on paper, that it is in reality a much easier wave to ride because there are no crowds which take out a major risk element in New Jersey surf.

“An Evaluation of the Short Term Impacts of Beach Nourishment on Surfability in Long Branch, New Jersey” Stevens Institute of Technology. 2020. 4 March 2023.

Background: This thesis attempts to explain the offshore dredging that occurs on the Jersey Shore annually to evaluate how this process affects surfs on a short-term basis. It provides thorough research on the process as well as how it will affect the these breaks

How I Used: I explained how the dredging essentially creates a new break every summer that surfers have to learn and adapt to each year which adds another element of adaptation to surfing New Jersey breaks. Surfability decreased for at least one month after beach nourishment. The study focuses primarily in Monmouth County which is where my hometown is and where I surf most often. The study occurs all over the county, but is centralized in Long Branch as this is where the dredging is taking place. The other beaches are under surveillance as a comparison. Long Branch was selected as it allegedly has the most consistently good surf, but in my own personal opinion that is wrong. Manasquan has the best and most consistent surf in the county.

“New Jersey Travel and Surf Guide” Surfline. 2023. 4 March 2023

Background: This provides a background of surf breaks in New Jersey as well as what conditions create optimal surf. It also details the proper time of year to surf as well as gives some insight into the process of surfing in New Jersey

How I Used: I used this to provide a guide of when surfing is best in New Jersey and why this is the case as well as providing insight into New Jersey surf culture. It is not a typical surfing destination (or a destination sought after at all), but if you end up here there is potential for good wave. The quality of the water is as good as it has been for the last thirty years due to frequent testing. Most Jersey beaches close when it is dirty. While surf can be crowded during the summer, you and few buddies can always get some good rides, but when winter comes around and the herds thin, you get more and more choice rides. Crowds are not bad for those who are used to them. Dolphins and porpoises are present in summer and early fall. Beach badges and beach closings during hurricanes can prove to be problematic at times, but there are few hazards here. Seasonal surf rankings: Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer (Personally: Summer, Fall, Winter, Spring because I do not like the cold). Fall is best due to warm waters, no crowds, and good swells from hurricane season. Water temps from 50-68. Winter has no crowds, but fewer waves between swells. The days are also shorter and its bricks out here. Water temps from 33-50. Spring is still cold and the swells have died down. Summer is hit or miss with teh waves either being excellent or flat. Surfing areas are limited and lifeguards are up your ass about being in swimmer zones. Crowds and badges are an issue, but sunrise and sunset are peak.

“A Shore thing; Tourism in New Jersey” The Economist. 30 May 2015. 6 March 2023.

Background: This article showed how instrumental tourism is to the New Jersey economy and how the Jersey Shore attracts hoards of people to New Jersey every summer.

How I Used: Jersey requires tourism for a large part of its economy. Jobs, state income depend on tourists flocking to beaches in the summer. Sandy destroyed the beaches, but they are back and up and running for the most part as beach refurbishments have been made to protect our shores.

“Coastal Water Temperature Guide” National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration. 6 March 2023.

Background: This gives a chart of various average water temps around the country

How I Used: NOAA research shows a chart of average monthly water temperatures throughout New Jersey. In winter the water can reach temperatures as low as 36.4 degrees and in summer it can reach as high as 79.4 degrees with February being the coldest month in the year and July being the warmest. This can used to show the struggles that many Jersians face when paddling out in the winter.

“Why the Banzai Pipeline is the ultimate surfing wave?” SurferToday. 2023.

Background: This article explains why Pipeline is a dangerous wave, but also why it is one of the best waves in the world. It explains its nature of difficulty, but also the glory for those who have succeeded surfing there.

How I Used: I used this to understand why Pipeline is so highly regarded, but also used it to show why Pipeline is only exclusive to the professionals while New Jersey surf is a wave that every person, man or women, can surf.

“Pipeline, Hawaii’s Deadliest Wave” T&C Surf Designs. 15 December 2020. 2023.

Background: This article explains the beauty that is the Banzai Pipeline. From how the swell and waves arrive at Pipeline to the crowds that it attracts to the dangers of surfing Pipeline. Although brief, this gives a comprehensive background of the Banzai Pipeline

How I Used: I used to this to better my knowledge of the culture of Pipe and why this deadly wave attracts so many surfers. I used it in order to find flaws in the argument for Pipe such as its lifethreatening nature and also how it requires a major swell for surfers to give it notice.

“Banzai Pipeline, Surfing’s Best Left Hander” Volcom. 2023.

Background: This article explains the dangers of Pipeline and how professional attention is given to this location. It also gives a list as to why Pipeline is the best left-hander in the world. Which ranges from the wave of a lifetime to its visual spectacle.

How I Used: I used this to gain an understanding of the public attention that Pipeline garners and why it is touted as the world’s best wave. I also used this to gain an understand of how I can poke holes in the argument of Pipeline being the world’s best wave.

Posted in Assignments, Bibliography, Portfolio RowanStudent6, rowanstudent6 | 1 Comment

Bibliography- Pinkmonkey32

Posted on April 24, 2023 by pinkmonkey32

Bradly Campbell, Vancouver combats heroin by giving its addicts the best smack in the world(2015)https://theworld.org/stories/2015-02-04/vancouver-combats-heroin-giving-its-addicts-best-smack-world

Background:This article written by,”Bradley Campbell”,  expands on the counterintuitive idea that giving addicts drugs is actually safer. Vancoover is a port city meaning lots of drugs coming from the pacific, this makes it a hub for addicts. The city has tried different ways to make the addict rates go down but nothing is really making the difference. After trying different methods and research experiments experts extended a program to 26 heroin addicts. This program essentially was giving these addicts heroin for free however many times they needed it. This in return would stop them from breaking and entering cars and homes as well as harming themselves and others around them for their next fix. Most rehab facilities disagree with this methodology and claim they can help recover even the worst addicts. They also claim that this program is just a way of killing off the addicts in a nice way.

How I used it: This article provided me with insight into the program that this whole counterintuitive idea is based upon. I used this source to show a real life example of a government giving addicts drugs, and it is actually working to solve the issues. This source also provided great quotes from addicts themselves that love the program and talk about how much it has benefited them.

 Maia Szalavitz, Matters of Substance(2014) https://www.drugfoundation.org.nz/matters-of-substance/archive/matters-of-substance-november-2014/ageing-out-of-addiction/

Background:This article is all about the inevitability of growing out of drugs. It addresses the statistics involved in which most drug addicts “age out of drug use” just by getting bored or finding a cause to quit on their own without any programs or treatment to help. It also talks about how people who work in certain professions or have certain past experiences will have skewed perspectives on addiction and often put a connotation on it that once you’re an addict you’re an addict for life.

How I used it: I used this source to show that giving these addicts drugs wouldnt for most addicts be a lifelong thing. It would be a program to help addicts during a period of time until they get bored or find the urge to get clean on their own. This source also provides knowledge on the bias people have towards addicts which i used to show that addicts aren’t lifetime addicts people just think they will be if they don’t get help which is the wrong idea to have.

Kerry Nenn, Is Relapse Inevitable With Forced Sobriety?(2023) https://recovery.org/is-relapse-inevitable-with-forced-sobriety/

Background:This article addresses the problems with forcing sobriety on addicts. When addicts are forced to commit to multi step programs to “fix” their addictions they more often than not wind up doing those same drugs just a few weeks out of rehab, only this time their body isnt used to is as well and the same dose they could handle months ago they might not be able to handle now. Risking not making rehab mandatory after serious offenses is a debate up to many but this source is biased towards forcing mandatory rehab.

How I used it:I used this source to show that rehab is not the most effective way to help addicts, if it was we would’ve seen better results and a decrease in our addiction rates, instead we saw the opposite. I also used quotes from this source that cited people who have been forced into rehab and relapse not even a week later.  With this source I was able to show the flaws in rehab opening people’s minds to this new program.

National Institute of Drug Abuse, Drug Overdose Death Rates(2023)

https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates

Background:

This website does not have much information text wise but has very valuable charts that are statistics of different usages of drugs paired together and the overdose rates they cause.  This data is scattered from 1999-2021 giving a very clear visual of the prevalence of drugs through times with heroin increasing more and more until a year or two ago. Also I specifically like figure 4 and 5 that show heroin by itself and heroin combined with other opioids (street drugs) the comparison between the 2 is a great resource

How I used it: I used this source to show how addiction rates have increased significantly in the past few years. I was then able to shape this information into pushing the idea that what we are doing to help addicts right now obviously is not working and that we need to try something new.  I also was able to use this source to show the importance of pure drugs and how the drugs addicts are getting from the street are the reason so many are dying.

The truth about enabling(April 10, 2019) Family First Intervention

The Truth About Enabling

Background:This article is all about signs that you are enabling an addict and the harm that it causes. Most times loved ones think they are helping when in reality they are doing more harm than good. Covering addicts when they are too hungover to go to work or making excuses for them only prolongs the addiction. Enabling not only affects the addict and causes them to not face consequences but also creates a dynamic in their families that they don’t like confrontation. This is a good source because giving addicts drugs to “help them” is enabling.

How I used it: I used this source to show the true definition of enabling and debunk the criticism the program receives from this aspect. Enabling is all about not accepting that your loved one has an issue and covering for them. This program would have addicts openly admitting their addictions to get these drugs and there would be no one covering up for them anymore. I also used the aspect of parents pushing to do what they think will help often makes things worse to show once again that what we people are trying to do to help isn’t working.

Vancouver combats heroin by giving its addicts the best smack in the world (February 4, 2015)Bradley Campbell

https://theworld.org/stories/2015-02-04/vancouver-combats-heroin-giving-its-addicts-best-smack-world

Background:This source was a good source for causal argument as well as rebuttal due to the end of the source where they had rehab professionals weigh in on what they thought of the Vancouver programs for drug usage. These specialists felt as if it was blackmail to keep the addicts from causing crime and not to help the addict at all. They also believe that even the worst addicts can be helped.

How I used it:I used this source previously to push my argument but I also used it in a completely different way to show another side of the article. I used the portion of the article that had skepticism in it to shoot down the narrative that we would be silently killing these addicts. I did so by taking the quotes of the skepticism and putting it up against his own words he previously said, by using his own quotes against himself I took down his position.

Drug Success Rates and Statistics(October 1,2022) Wendy Manwarren

https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/success-rates-and-statistics

Background:This source provides an insight into rehab and the effectiveness of it. This source believes that success differs from center to center. This article also offers treatment success rates and how rehab is more necessary than ever. Also stating that each person will need individualized treatment and everything needs to be adapted from person to person and that relapse is not a failure.

How I used it: I used this source’s perspective on how rehab is different for everyone and combated that with the fact that if it’s a different route for every addict then why do we stick them all in the same 3 month multiply step programs. By saying every addict has their own road to recovery I am able to say that this program could be a new pathway for some addicts and we could benefit from having more diverse recovery systems.

Maehira, Y., Chowdhury, E.I., Reza, M. et al. Factors associated with relapse into drug use among male and female attendees of a three-month drug detoxification–rehabilitation programme in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a prospective cohort study. Harm Reduct J 10, 14 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-10-14

Background:This article was about a study conducted. This study took females and makes and put them into rehab, during and after rehab they tracked the addicts progress to see if they stuck to sobriety or relapsed. It also provided details into why addicts relapse.  This study provided insight into the world of homeless addicts and how being homeless affects their ability to be sober.

How I used it:  I used this article not for its failed rehab ratings but instead to show why the rehab fails after the addicts are released. I used quotes from this article to show how addicts use drugs to cope because they are living on the street and with statistics provided by this article I was able to provide undeniable proof that homeless addicts relapse out of rehab because we put them right back into their unstable and unhealthy environment on the street. My hope with this was to make my reader understand where these addicts are coming from and that if we can’t give them shelter we could at least help them cope.

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2013, August 30) Drug Use Changes the Brain Over Time. Retrieved April 02, 2023, from https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/brainchange

Background:This article provides an amazing description in non academic vocabulary on the brain and how it is affected during drug abuse. It includes diagrams showing brain function after hard use of drugs and before. Speaks about the lack of judgment addicts have after being a long time addict. The brain will change itself to adapt to your drug intake and after that it will take months to years to get your brain to function back normally, making relapse much more common.

How I used it:I was able to use this source to show the actual brain changes that happen overtime to a long term addict. These changes can be reversed by a 3 month rehab program. By providing this info the reader gained a perspective that for some addicts the damage is truly done and the only thing they can do is sustain their addiction or do it long enough that they eventually get bored. The way this article was also non academically written also helped me convey to the readers what was actually happening to the brain.

Science Direct (Volume 16, Issue 4, April 2016, Pages 1323-1327) R.A. Rudd, N. Aleshire, J.E. Zibbell, R. Matthew Gladden https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1600613522008991

Background:This article shows how much drug overdose has increased in relation to opioid drugs and heroin. The rates that are going up at a steady increase are a cause for concern with these prescription drugs that are now killing people because they are no longer safe when made on the streets. Heroin is the main driving factor and heroin is one of the many street drugs that are cut with synthetic opioids. This article has many good resources for the argument that drugs are being laced and tripling the amount of overdoses.

How I used it: I was able to use this source to show how street drugs are dangerous and the drugs this program would provide would be pure and not laced with opiates. Most but not all overdoses of heroin happen because of the synthetic opioids laced within the heroin. If more people were made aware of how much of a difference these opiods make they may be more inclined to help give clean drugs to addicts to reduce overdoses. This is the exact belief I wanted my reader to feel

Street Drugs: Know the Facts and Risks, WebMD Editorial Contributors (March 13 2023)https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/street-drugs-risks

Background:This article talks about street drugs and how unsafe they are. It lists different street drugs and the harm and risks they can cause. Street drugs are drugs that have added chemicals or are contaminated in some way. Heroin is a street drug often added to prescription pills that cause overdoses. This is good because by giving clean drugs we would lessen the amount of street drugs and in return pose less health threats for the addicts.

How I used it: This was another article I used to also show the danger of street drugs. But with this source I used it to accurately define street drugs and give knowledge as to what I was going to be talking about. I also used this article to show that you have no idea what’s in these street drugs when you buy them and there is no way to find out except trying them. By giving this information my hope was to get my reader to be scared of the drugs on the street and at least settle for the better clean drug option I was offering.

Posted in Bibliography, Portfolio PinkMonkey | 2 Comments

Bibliography- MellowTacos

Posted on April 24, 2023 by mellowtacos

Aine Givens. ManyPets “5 Statistics about the COVID-19 Pet Adoption Surge.” ManyPets, ManyPets (US)

BACKGROUND: Before Covid-19 many people had already had a pet. Once businesses started shutting down many homes welcomed pets into their lives. Around 19% of people added pets to their homes. After the pandemic died down a little 90% of dogs and 85% of cats remained in their homes. 87% of pet owners would still get their pet if they had the choice to go back in time. The main issue with buying a pet during a global pandemic is the financial concerns. Many people are struggling to support themselves, let alone animals. People with an income of 50,000 or less were more likely to surrender their pet to a shelter. 

HOW I USED IT: This source gave me key information about the financial side of the struggle of owning a pet in COVID-19.

Bella Vista Health Center. “How Socialization Affects Your Overall Mental Health: Bella Vista San Diego, CA.” Bella Vista Health Center, Bella Vista Health Center, 14 Sept. 2016.

BACKGROUND: Many people do not realize how important socialization is because for many we get it everyday. We’ve gotten so used to the hustle and bustle of our daily lives that we don’t realize how detrimental it is to go without socialization. One of the biggest signs of depression is isolation. Studies have proven that being around others can lower the severity of depression. It keeps stress levels at a low and helps keep anxiety down. The stronger the connections that person builds for themselves the better their mental health will be. Not only is it beneficial to your mental health but your physical health as well. Socialization fights off dementia and Alzheimer’s. The more connected you stay with others, the stronger your memory will be.

HOW I USED IT: I used this source to explain why people were looking for a companion. It gave me a good idea of how important socialization is for your mental health.

Coston, D. (2022, May 23). “Pet adoptions statistics: Facts & Faqs.” Retrieved April 19, 2023.

BACKGROUND: Shelters are constantly taking in animals in need of a proper home, but that’s not always an easy thing to find. Adoption is the perfect option if you are looking for a loyal companion. Shelters are flooded with many dogs and adopting will help with the overcrowding. The United States takes in about 6.3 million animals a year while about only 4.1  million of those animals get adopted. Shelters may have to care for some dogs for a very long time. The most common dog breeds in shelters are Pit Bull Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, Dachshunds, Chihuahuas, and Boxers. Many people decide not to adopt because they prefer a purebred dog however 25% of the dogs in shelters are purebred. Fortunately the percentage of no-kill shelters doubled from 24% to 48%.

HOW I USED IT: This article was full of important statistics that backed up my hypothesis. 

“How the COVID-19 Pandemic Changed Society.” UAB News

BACKGROUND: Within two years the world has flipped upside down. The University of Alabama’s experts discussed how it has drastically changed society. Hospitals have created an app called “B Well” that is now up and running. This app has a self-care feature to monitor your healthy habits like sleep, movemeet, nutrition, routine as well as habits that you can create yourself.

HOW I USED IT: I thought it was important to show the severe decline in mental health that universities are designing app strictly to help with COVID-19. I believe this shows readers how serious this issue was and why people were trying to adopt dogs.

Matthew Salois, PhD, and PhD Gail Golab DVM. “The Covid-19 Pet Adoption Boom: Did It Really Happen?” DVM 360, DVM 360, 23 Sept. 2021

BACKGROUND: False stories have surfaced all over the news and the media about skyrocketing adoption during COVID-19. When taking a look at the statistics of how many adoptions have happened each year since 2016, 2020 had the lowest adoption rate with only 2.3 million dogs adopted. The reason for the decrease was that there was a smaller selection of animals. The reason for all the false reports is that the data is coming from surveys and anecdotes which are based on personal experiences. Although there wasn’t an increase in adoptions there was an increase in vet visits. 

HOW I USED IT: I use this article for my rebuttal section because he believes the media is lying and statistics are showing a different story. 

Morgan, L., Protopopova, A., Birkler, R. I. D., Itin-Shwartz, B., Sutton, G. A., Gamliel, A., Yakobson, B., & Raz, T. (2020, November 24). “Human–dog relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: Booming dog adoption during social isolation.” Nature News. Retrieved March 6, 2023, from 

BACKGROUND: In the article Human–dog relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: booming dog adoption during social isolation by Liat Morgan she talks about how covid has affected us and how dogs have helped. During Covid-19 there people were suffering for all sorts of health issues while being locked away in their house. Dogs and cats have shown to positively increase mental health. In stress-full positions such as the pandemic these pets have shown tremendous help with anxiety and depressions. Those who also deal with social anxiety whether the pandemic caused it or not will show lots of progress with a therapy animal. During the isolation there was a larger population adopting dogs. Studies have shown that humans and dogs are more alike due to the fact that we are both “social animals” where we can both benefit from one another. However the relationship between the two is bidirectional because we have shown to have negative effects on animals. There is a strong correlation between negative health and well being of the owner and the negative health and well being of the pet. During Covid-19 people were unable to take care of their pets so they gave them up so this could be related to the pandemic due to the health risks and cost it takes to take care of a dog.

HOW I USED IT: This article is an important key in my essay because it shows the positive affect animals have on humans. 

Nelson, K. (2021, December 28). “Best U.S. cities for dogs: Pet-friendliest places in 2023.” Retrieved April 19, 2023

BACKGROUND: For those with furry friends that are planning on moving you may want to research which areas are best for your pet. Some areas have wicked expensive pet care and or limited services. The key things to keep in mind when finding a new home for you and your pet is if it has affordable pet care, good weather, pet friendly establishments, and a good ratio of pets and people. The best cities to move to are Lincoln, Nebraska, Evansville, Charleston, South Carolina, Long Beach, California, and Temecula, California.

HOW I USED IT: I used this article for a specific statistic about New York Cities ratio of dog population to human population and shelters. 

Pets and happiness: Examining the association between pet ownership and Wellbeing. Taylor & Francis. (n.d.). Retrieved March 6, 2023, from 

BACKGROUND: In the article Pets and Happiness: Examining the Association between Pet Ownership and Wellbeing by Katherine Jacobs Bao and George Schreer, they discuss the question, Is there a connection between your happiness and your pet? Researchers have shown that there is a strong correlation between not only your physical but your mental health as well. The connection between your pet and your mental health has been shown to positively affect people with poor mental health. There has yet to be many studies proving that there’s a positive impact on those with good mental health. An online survey was conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk where they found that those who have pets are more satisfied in life than those who do not. They broke the data down and found that dog owners scored higher showing that they have better overall wellbeing. When comparing different kinds of pet owners they looked at the Big Five personality traits. These traits consist of extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, specifically. They did not see a noticeable difference when looking at which animal you owned in this section. There may not be an abundance of differences between those you have pets and those who don’t, there are still proven benefits to owning a dog over anything else.

HOW I USED IT: this article makes a strong case about the positive effect that dogs have on humans. 

“Purposeful Activity – Hobbies.” Head to Health,

BACKGROUND: Keeping yourself occupied with hobbies is extremely important for your mental health. It’s a great way to build relationships and sharpen your communication skills. Studies are shown that those with hobbies are less likely to struggle with mental health issues. It’s important to find something that you can enjoy on your own or with others, as long as it makes you happy. A hobby is the perfect way to relax after a long day at work. 

HOW I USED IT: I used this article to prove losing hobbies from covid-19 can affect your mental health so adopting a dog can keep you occupied

World Health Organization. (n.d.). “Covid-19 pandemic triggers 25% increase in prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide.” World Health Organization. Retrieved March 6, 2023.

BACKGROUND: The number of people suffering with anxiety and depression once COVID-19 hit increased a total of 25%. An explanation for the rise in poor mental health is the social isolation as well as the inability to work for some people. COVID-19 brought many triggers for poor mental health such as death, financial issues, and for some people like healthy care workers, exhaustion. Statistics have shown that young people and women were hit the hardest when it comes to mental health. These people are at a higher risk for self afflicted harm or even suicide. Research also shows that people who had underlying health conditions were more likely to suffer from mental illness as well. 

HOW I USED IT: this article was full of mental health statistics which was important for my essay because I first had to prove that there was a mental health issue. 

Posted in Bibliography, MellowTacos, Portfolio MellowTacos | Leave a comment

Bibliography- Doglover846

Posted on April 24, 2023 by doglover846
  1.  Aye-Aye Conservation: The Role of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust

Background:

This article discussed how zoologists and other researchers gained knowledge and helped endangered species, through reintroduction, restoring the habitats and researching how the different species behave ogwith certain environments.

How I Used It:

I used this article to gain knowledge and background on ways Zoos and other nature reserves help the species regain their population. I never quoted this article in my essay. However, it was more to get a better understanding of the information so I can have stronger statements and reasons to back them up.

2. The Importance of National and International Zoos Cooperation

Background:

This article discuss how animals can be brought back to their natural habitats or kept in a sanctuary where they can be studied by breeding them until they become a self-sustaining population and then spreading out species for the population to grow. All of this may aid in the expansion of the species population and reduce the number of endangered species.

How I Used It:

This article helped me achieve a better understanding on how breeding can truly help a population gain their strength and increase their numbers. This article gave me background knowledge and a new perspective on how breeding can truly help endangered species.

3. Gilbert, T., & Soorae, P. S. (n.d.). Editorial: The role of zoos and aquariums in … – wiley online library. Retrieved March 7, 2023

Background: This article discussing what conversation translocation and reintroduction are and how they are used to level out the steep declining slope of endangered animals.

How I Used It:

I used the information that this article gave me to explain the different ways conversation translocation can be helpful to endangered species. I used their example on the experiment on the flightless birds and how it led to a national upbringing of conversation translocation.

4. Staff, A. (n.d.). .How Zoos and Aquariums Protect Endangered Species Association of Zoos & Aquariums. Retrieved March 6, 2023

Background:

This article discuss the different ways zoos and aquariums can provide safe and cared for homes for endangered species.

How I Used It:

I used this article by giving different reasonings on how Zoos and Aquariums provide safe enclosures for animals. They also gave me information on how zoos and aquariums are the best defense we have for saving the loss of species and actually help to decrease the number of different endangered species.

5. Croteau, E., & Mott, C. L. (2011). Saving Endangered Species: A Case Study Using Global Amphibian Declines | Learn Science at Scitable/ Nature.com.

Background: This article gave me tons of information about conservation translocation, reintroduction, captive breeding and public awareness for saving endangered species.

How I Used It:

This article helped all of my cases on preaching how zoos and aquariums can save different species from going extinct. I used a little bit of information from each section to either make a statement or back a statement up with their information. However, I used this article more for the information about public awareness and how the more the community knows about the species the more interested they are in helping.

6. Human-Wildlife Conflicts. (n.d.). Wildlife Translocation

Background: This article was solely on translocation and how it can help stable different populations and also give them a better and safer habtitat.

How I Used It: I used this article to prevail the importance of translocations. I also used this article to define what translocations are and how they are used in different situations. It also gave me reasons against translocations so I could use that information in my rebuttal.

7. Berger‐Tal, O., Blumstein, D. T., & Swaisgood, R. R. (2020). Conservation translocations: a review of common difficulties and promising directionsAnimal Conservation, 23(2), 121–131. 

Background: This article discussed the different ways conservation translocation are helpful when trying to prevent different species from going extinct.

How I Used It: I used this article to give me more information on how conversation translocation are useful. This article was used for more back up reasonings since other articles were stronger in reasonings.

8. Weeks, A. R., Sgro, C. M., Young, A. G., Frankham, R., Mitchell, N. J., Miller, K. A., Byrne, M., Coates, D. J., Eldridge, M. D. B., Sunnucks, P., Breed, M. F., James, E. A., & Hoffmann, A. A. (2011). Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments: a genetic perspectiveEvolutionary Applications, 4(6), 709–725.

Background: This article provide me information on the benefits and risks of translocation and how it can changing the dynamic of the different populations.

How I used It: I used this article to show that there can be extreme risks when moving populations to new and different habitats because it can pit a lot of stress on animals which can hinder the growth of their population.

9. ‌Naomiwentz. (2018, November 1). Captive Breeding Programs: Beneficial or Harmful? Conservation BiologyNews.

Background: This article discussed the ways on how captive breeding could actually be more harmful than beneficial when trying to save endangered species.

How I Used It: I used this article to show that captive breeding is actually very risking when trying to grow a population. There can be inbreeding and genetic disorders. There as to be a genetic variation to keep the population growing, and captive breeding my hinder that from happening.

10. Williamson, B. (2020, October 15). Keeping Wild Animals in Captivity Is Not Conservation. Here’s Why.

Background: This article discuss that holding animals in captivity is actually harming then instead of doing them good.

How I Used It: I used this article to show that captivity is bad for the animals because they become used to being taken care of and so if they ever go back into the wild they aren’t going to be able to fend for themselves.

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Bibliography-pinkheart

Posted on April 24, 2023 by pinkheart84
  1. Smartphone use at night may cause insomnia, blue light exposure to blame – Study Finds

Background: This article attempts to alert teenagers on the issues of cell usage at night time. This is all negative sided towards the usage of smartphones before bed. There are no positive effects that this article mentions and it believes sleep is very necessary. It mainly talks about the blue light exposure that people receive from actively being on their phones and how this can cause sleep deprivation and issues. 

How I used it: I intended to use this article to explain the facts of blue light exposure and the sleeplessness it may cause. This also allows the reader to understand the negative effects of phones starting with the blue light exposure. 

  1. Do Smart Phones Cause Insomnia? – Ask Dr. Weil (drweil.com)

Back ground: This article mentions that the blue light in smartphones can be a risk to insomnia but manufactures are looking for a way to solve this blue light problem. This article is to reassure people that until the blue light issue gets fixed, people should stay off their phones before bedtime. 

How I used it: My intentions with this article was to show my audience that as of now there are no facts about cell phone use causing insomnia but there are ways that the blue light can be effective on sleeping. The blue light issue can ultimately become resolved. 

  1. How Screen Time May Cause Insomnia in Teens | Sleep Foundation

Background: This article is not facts, it is simple ways that screen time may cause sleep problems. This article shows ways smartphones can be of use and beneficial. There are no studies and found research in this article; it is mostly estimations on  how sleep can be an issue towards teens. 

How I used it: This article was used to show that there are a small amount of benefits to cell phone usage but it can result in insomnia to teens who overuse it. 

  1. Do mobile phones affect your sleep? | The Lighthouse (mq.edu.au)

Background:  This article is about the issues phones can cause to the brain. The author talks about sleep specialists and their opinions on this topic. This article speaks specifically on the importance of sleep and how poor sleep can create multiple issues to a person and their body. 

How I used it: By using sleep specialist’s ideas and thoughts as to why cell phone use at night should be limited it allows the reader to see multiple points of view. 

5. Cell phone addiction and psychological and physiological health in adolescents – PMC (nih.gov)

Background: This particular article has facts and statistics arguments as to why it is common that people will develop insomnia from using their phones before bed. It describes how cell phones have become an addiction to adolescents. It shows the increase of cell phone addiction and how technology has become something that people use in their daily lives. 

How I used it: I intend to use the researchers’ opinions and quotes to emphasize the fact that this can become a bigger problem than it already is. By using other advocates opinions and thoughts, it allows the audience to listen more. 

6. Analysis: Teens are sleeping less. Why? Smartphones | PBS NewsHou

Background: This article talks about disturbed sleep and how teens that are consistently checking their social media at night are the ones who are becoming sleep deprived. One of the consequences teens go through because of using social media at night is sleep deprivation. 

How I used it: This article was one that really stuck out because it was very useful in all of my papers since sleep deprivation is the main topic on why teens are awake on their phones. This was just another article to show how others agree on this topic. 

7. What Is REM Sleep and How Much Do You Need? (verywellmind.com)

Background: This article talks about REM sleep and what it is. This could connect to my topic on teens not getting enough sleep because of phones because the article shows that receiving REM sleep can be the reason that teens are sleeping less soundly because the brain cannot function and have REM sleep with the constant phone use at night. 

How I used it: I briefly brought up REM sleep and memory problems associated with a sleep disruption.  This was important because teens who don’t get enough sleep don’t go through this stage of sleep. 

8. How to Automatically Silence Notifications on iPhone At Night (webtrickz.com)

Background: The alertness to notifications may change the value of sleep for teens because they are more interested in staying in touch overnight than being asleep. Teens are so nosy and concerned for their notifications, they will jump up to check their phones while supposed to be sleeping. This article shows how it is a major problem. 

How I used it: I used this to show how teens never fully go to sleep relaxed because they are waiting for a notification. Teens will be constantly alerted and checking their phone that they wont be relaxed enough to receive the sleep they need. 

9. Decreases in self-reported sleep duration among U.S. adolescents 2009–2015 and association with new media screen time – ScienceDirect

Background: This article shows multiple reports on sleep. They want to improve adolescent health because of their electronic devices. This also explains how electronic device and social media use increases the odds of short sleep duration.

How I used it: I used this article to show how smartphones are the cause of the increase in self-reported short sleep duration. Sleep deprivation is a high risk when teens are using their phones more than they should and this article was able to show that in reports. 

10. Have Smartphones Destroyed a Generation? – The Atlantic

Background: This article mainly talks about the obsession teens have with technology and their smartphones. It has interviews of teenagers specifically saying that they use their phone too much especially at night. 

How I used it: I used this to show how teens admitted that they would reach for their phones as the first thing they did in the morning after waking up and the last thing they did was use their phone. I was able to explain to my readers how even teenagers believe they are obsessed with their smartphones. 

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Annotated Bibliography – Sunflower

Posted on April 24, 2023 by sunflower0311
  1. Ennis, C. D. (2013, July 1). Implications of exergaming for the physical education curriculum in the 21st Century. Journal of Sport and Health Science. Retrieved March 25, 2023

Background: This article talked about why exergaming would be beneficial to use in a physical education class. Exergaming is motivating even to those who are not as skilled or advanced at the games. This form of exercise also increases kids’ ability to exercise consistently at moderate intensity. Overall, the author shows that exergaming is incredibly useful in a physical education setting and can encourage kids to learn how to create fitness plan and participate in lifelong exercise.

How I Used It: I used this article to help prove that exergaming is found to be interesting and motivating to all students. It helped prove that you do not need to be athletic in order to have fun or do well at these games making being physically active more accessible to everyone. It helped prove my point that technology is not always to blame when it comes to obesity because some kids lack physical activity simply because they are clumsy or nervous around their more athletic peers.

2. Gao, Z., Pope, Z., Eun Lee, J., Stodden, D., Roncesvalles, N., Pasco, D., Huang, C. C., & Feng, D. (2016, November 24). Impact of exergaming on young children’s School Day Energy expenditure and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels. Journal of Sport and Health Science. Retrieved March 7, 2023 

Background: This study focused on finding information on exergaming in areas that were previously lacking information. It was mentioned that previous studies focused on only one type of game and typically took place a lab setting. This study investigated the long-term impact of multigame exergaming within school curriculum. The study found that exergaming has the same impact on light PA and regular physical education activities.

How I Used It: I used this article to help show how much physical activity is needed for children. I then went in to explaining how exergaming is a good way for these kids to get the required 60 minutes of physical activity needed. It also helped me understand the benefits exergaming can have in a school setting.

3. Lindberg, R., Seo, J., & Laine, T. H. (n.d.). Enhancing physical education with Exergames and wearable technology … Retrieved April 18, 2023

Background: This article went into detail about why obesity is a problem and what some of the challenges that can affect the amount of physical activity children are able to get within a physical education class. The study talked about in this article created their own exergame that specialized in physical activity as well as improving cognition and tested it on 3rd graders in South Korea. They also identified some issues that needed to be addressed in order to make their game what they want it to be.

How I Used It: I used this article to help me learn about exergaming and get some other views on it. It was interesting to hear about what exergaming is being used for in other countries and how it relates to how we use it in America. I did not specifically quote this source in my paper however it did help me formulate my opinion and my argument.

4. Quan, M., Pope, Z., & Gao, Z. (2018, September 25). Examining young children’s physical activity and sedentary behaviors in an exergaming program using accelerometry. MDPI. Retrieved March 7, 2023

Background: This study focused more on determining if there were different results based on the gender of the children playing the exergames. The article itself also explained all of the health benefits that exergaming has. In the end it found that there was no difference in benefits when it came to gender.

How I Used It: I used this article to get evidence on the various health benefits that exergaming can provide for children. This article provided very strong evidence in this area that I felt really helped my argument. I also used the idea that the benefits are universal regardless of gender which was also an important point to make. By making this point it helps strengthen my argument and take away some of the doubt my readers may have.

5. Ryan, R. M., Frederick, C. M., Lepes, D., Rubio, N., & Sheldon, K. M. (n.d.). Intrinsic Motivation and Exercise Adherence. Retrieved April 8, 202

Background: This article talked about what it takes for people to actually adhere to their exercise routines. It found that the best way for people to actually stick with their exercise routines is for them to be doing something they actually enjoy. Even if the activity is light or moderate physical activity it is better to do that continuously then do a high level of physical activity that the person eventually gives up.

How I Used It: I used this article as evidence in my rebuttal section of my paper. It helped my argument a lot to be able to show that exergaming would be a great form of exercise for children because they enjoy it. Their enjoyment will make them want to be physically active which is overall beneficial.

6. Sheehan, D. P., Katz, L., & Kooiman, B. J. (2015). Exergaming and physical education: A qualitative examination from the teachers’ perspectives . Journal of Case Studies in Education, 4, 1–14. Retrieved March 7, 2023

Background: This article focused on exergaming in schools through the perspective of the physical education teachers who would be utilizing it in their classrooms. A study was conducted where two physical education teachers did a six-week exergaming unit with their students. They reported that using exergaming kept their students motivated and they were very enthusiastic about the unit. The variety that exergaming has also helped appeal to different interests and kept the students engaged.

How I Used It: I utilized this article to help add insight from physical education teachers who actually implemented an exergaming program into their classrooms. I felt this would be very beneficial for the readers since they would be able to get insight from real people who found that exergaming truly does work.

7. Zeng, N., & Gao, Z. (2022, November 23). Exergaming and obesity in youth: Current perspectives. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved April 11, 2023

Background: This article acknowledges that exergaming has been used for physical activity but insists that there is not enough research regarding the effectiveness of exergaming. It goes into detail about how exergaming could help with physical activity as well as with psychological well-being but still says that there is not enough research in these areas. The article talks about how the controlled experiments done in the past are restricting and that a new way of doing research needs to be found for this particular topic.

How I Used It: This article was used as my “worthy opponent”. Since it said that there was not enough evidence to say that exergaming was beneficial, I was able to refute it by showing all the indisputable health benefits that have come from participation in exergaming.

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