Rebuttal- PitandThePendulum

Posted on April 14, 2023 by pitandthependulum22

“The REAL Reason for the
Independent Bookstore’s Demise” 

As the independent bookshop begins its gradual return into the world of retail, Amazon still remains to be the scapegoat for the industry’s gradual collapse. That, however, is an incredibly oversimplified assessment of an issue that stems not only in the economic world, but in the social and psychological sphere as well. The rise of social media giants and their subsequent impact on the attention span, coupled with the pandemic and the economic crisis that followed it, can be factored in as a few alternate reasons for the collapse of the small book business. 

In the case of the downfall of small book businesses, one needs to look no further than social media. It comes as no surprise that as social media began to grow, the number of readers began to shrink. As new social media apps began to surface, such as Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, etc, the world began to turn away from pages and towards screens. Research conducted amongst senior high school students at San Diego State University showed that 60% of seniors reported reading as a hobby in the 1970s. The same study was conducted again in 2016, and the results showed that only 16% of students reported doing so. Overall, it was estimated that only 1 in 3 students in the U.S engage in leisurely reading. Online ‘e-readers’ (those who indulge in online articles that do not qualify as e-books) can be found on hundreds of sites and apps that boast engaging, short-content that can be accessed either on mobile devices or computers (some of these sites include Reddit, The Washington Post, and other sites rife with content). A study conducted by the Wall Street Journal suggests that part of the reason engagement in attention-consuming activities like reading has gone down is due to society’s need for instant gratification. 

As of 2021, 34% of American small businesses are still closed as a result of COVID. With approximately 99.9% of small businesses in America identifying as small businesses, and occupying 47.3% of the country’s private workforce, the loss of these businesses have threatened not only the nation’s economy, but the financial stability of many American citizens. Small bookstores make up only a small amount of businesses effected by the pandemic and its subsequent lockdown, and while Indie bookstores have begun to utilize social media in order to boost engagement and revenue, the effect of social media on the average user’s attention span has been drastic. As these stores try to boost their engagement, they can’t guarantee that their viewers will ever engage with them beyond one simple like over the internet.

References 

Natanson, Hannah (2018) “Yes, teens are texting and using social media instead of reading books, researchers say”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/inspired-life/wp/2018/08/20/for-american-teens-texting-and-social-media-are-replacing-books/

Ghosh, Iman (2021) “34% of America’s small businesses are still closed due to COVID-19. Here’s why it matters”, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/05/america-united-states-covid-small-businesses-economics/

O’Brien, Reese (2022) “Indie Bookstores’ COVID Recovery: Leveraging TikTok and BookShop.org”, https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/indie-bookstores-covid-recovery-leveraging-tiktok-and-bookshoporg

Wall Street Journal (2022) “Why Are Our Attention Spans Shortening?”, https://www.wsj.com/articles/attention-spans-shortening-tiktok-social-media-gen-z-millenials-reading-education-focus-11667336185

Posted in PitAndThePendulum, Portfolio PitAndThePendulum, Rebuttal Rewrite | 4 Comments

Rebuttal Rewrite – TristanB50

Posted on April 14, 2023 by tristanb50

Highway Robbery: San Diego’s Public Transport Plan

As car prices and highway upkeep costs skyrocket in price, public transport options are gaining traction. Opposition to public transport has long been argued by legislators, mostly conservatives in congress. They hold the belief that public transport is too costly to maintain, and serves very few people. Despite this, public transport is highly favored by the American public, as seen in a study conducted by YouGov. “66 percent of voters believe their own communities would benefit from expanding public transit while about 77 percent of voters believe the US overall would benefit from expanding public transit.” As such, there aren’t many articles or studies that detract public transport, at least without offering suggestions to better implement it. 

However, there do exist some large news sources that desperately try to tear down public transport, as seen in Fox News’ opinion piece, “San Diego wants to tax people out of their cars and into public transportation.” It covers SANDAG’s (or San Diego County’s Regional Driving Agency) new taxes that will fund their $165 billion plan to expand San Diego’s public transit system over the next 30 years. The article raises 3 main concerns: First, the tax will hit low-income earners the hardest. Second, the government is abusing it’s power to alter public behavior. Finally, this issue is at risk of spreading to other cities around the country. This article ultimately falls flat when it overexaggerates the plans simplicity to make it seem more imposing. This is aligned with a trend among public transports detractors: to routinely underfund the asset, to then use its indigence against it.

The article begins by stating SANDAG’s plan will impose a mileage tax costing drivers 4¢ for every mile driven, new tolls placement on 800 miles of highways, and adding an additional 1.5% to the counties sales tax. Fox criticizes these for disproportionately affecting lower income workers. However many of the assertions they make about these taxes have been groomed to seem more intimidating than they actually are. The mileage tax, the most controversial of the costs, was removed from the plan months prior to this article due to its unpopularity. Many are still concerned about the tax, and rightly so seeing as some news outlets are still reporting on it as if it’s current. Additionally, the expansion of toll highways is brushed over, and ultimately is oversimplified. Tolls will be applied to solo drivers in the I-15 express lane and SR 125, which was already a toll road. They do not need to be paid by carpoolers, public transport passengers, tour vans, electric cars, hybrid cars, veterans (on SR 125 only) and even motorcycles. Carpooling has long been utilized for lower income workers, and as an MIT study found, is much more common for people in lower income levels. Ultimately, the only fee that has a real chance of disproportionately affecting low-income earners is the sales tax increase. However, that alone won’t result in the government, “taxing us into fixed-rail trains and buses.”

Interestingly, the article uses a populist argument against public transit, claiming the fees will impact low-income drivers the most. However what it leaves out, is how it will benefit the low-income residents who are dependant on public transit. Given San Diego’s staggeringly low public service ridership of under 3%, it is likely the people who utilize the service are those who have no other options for transportation. 

Fox News however, is not actually interested in protecting the needs of low-income earners, and we see this in their attempt to demonize the public service. It completely negates the necessity for the project, and the taxes are presented as if the tax revenue is just being buried in the ground. It doesn’t actually make any claims about the projects contents itself, positive or negative. The whole idea is thrown out based on the price, opting to rather urge the government to push for the vague goal of, “technology and innovation.” 

The aim of the public transit project is obviously to give more people other transportation options, however the article uses a static statistic to frame the project as a widespread tax for something only a handful of people use. “It’s a bait and switch — freeway dollars, gas tax dollars, and registration fees promised for road improvements instead pay for costly public mass transit projects that less than 3% of the public uses.” This statistic actually makes a decent case for better public transport in San Diego, showing how absurdly low the ridership amount it. Compare this to San Francisco’s 30% number, or even Los Angeles’ 6%, and San Diego’s < 3% highlights how much the city really needs it. 

To accurately measure the possible success of a new public transit system for San Diego, it should be compared to a similar city, Los Angeles. Both cities started as sprawled out, low density developments. In the 1990s, Los Angeles’ government began rethinking their transport strategy and invested in public transport, as well as walkable infrastructure. Cityscape, a journal published by the U.S Department of Housing Urban Development, found that both economic activity and land values increase in areas with higher access to public transport. This is in agreement SANDAG’s plan, as much of the project is dedicated to ridesharing services to get people to public transport.

Despite the worries that the government is trying to change the publics behavior, it should me remembered that in order for these changes to be implemented, the municipal government needs a voting majority to usher them in. Ultimately, if public transport is treated as a service for the poor, it will operate as a service for the poor. If it’s budget is slashed to operate as a last resort for people for people who can’t afford cars, thats who will ride it. It will be inconvenient, it will come off as dangerous, it will alienate most of the public. The bottom line is, maintaining and owning cars is becoming more expensive regardless of whose in office. Fossil fuels are a finite resource, and if we don’t curb our dependance on them, we won’t have the money down the line to pay for a new transport system.

References

MIT “real-time” Rideshare research. MIT “Real-Time” Rideshare Research ” Blog Archive ” Personal Income and Carpool Mode Share. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://ridesharechoices.scripts.mit.edu/home/2009/02/personal-income-and-carpool-mode-share/ 

Quality of Life Dashboard. Transportation Choices – School of Leadership and Education Sciences – University of San Diego. (n.d.). Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.sandiego.edu/soles/centers-and-institutes/nonprofit-institute/what-we-do/create-and-share-knowledge/dashboard/transportation.php

Ramirez, A. J. (2023, February 21). Sandag’s proposed mileage tax raising some concerns. cbs8.com. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/local/sandags-mileage-tax-raising-concerns/509-7877d860-6aaa-45f8-abcb-fb94422c7e3c 

Sandag Fastrak. SANDAG. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://www.sandag.org/projects-and-programs/roads-and-highways/SANDAG-fastrak

Schuetz, J., Giuliano, G., & Jin Shin, E. (2018). Can A Car-Centric City Become Transit Oriented? Evidence from Los Angeles . In City Scape (Vol. 20, pp. 167–190). essay, US Department of Housing and Urban Development. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy.rowan.edu/stable/26381226

Voters want and need more transportation options. Transportation For America. (2020, March 17). Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://t4america.org/2020/03/17/voters-want-and-need-more-transportation-options/ 

Posted in Portfolio TristanB, Rebuttal Rewrite, TristanB | 3 Comments

Rebuttal – Oatmealvibes

Posted on April 14, 2023 by oatmealvibes

The Final Showdown: Violent Video Games Are Not The Problem

As time goes by and more violent video games continue to be made, the research on how these violent video games affect the behavior and emotions of children is never-ending. I have found that many of the researched case studies fall short of their goal of trying to link violent adolescence to violent video games. I’ve looked at countless studies about violent video games and the aggression or violence that said video games “cause,” however; even the most famous studies that most of us cite are flawed.

The most popular suggestion on google scholar when looking up “violent video games cause violence in youth” is a study conducted by Craig A. Anderson and Brad J. Bushman at Iowa State University called Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature. Anderson and Bushman are two professors at Iowa State University in the psychology department. Their credentials are very credible as we would trust a professor from a university to have high knowledge of the subjects they talk about and the research they present to us. Anderson and Bushman start off their study by discussing three school shootings that happened around the time they wrote their article. They state that “the one positive result of these tragedies is the attention brought to the growing problem of video-game violence, from the newsroom to the U.S. Senate (2000).” They are using a highly emotional situation to lead us to secretly conclude that violent video games were the fault for why these shootings happened. They stated that the teens who committed these shootings were inspired by Doom, the teen’s favorite violent video game that involved shooting. However, that comparison is a biased exaggeration of the truth as their multiple reasons why a school shooting would happen, such as the shooter could have a mental illness or a problem with a student or staff member of the school. It was also never told the reason for the school shootings that the teens committed so we can not conclude a definite reason why the shootings happened. Anderson and Bushman then go on to state that video game companies are in denial about the harmful effects their games have but then a paragraph later saying that “there is one grain of truth in the industry’s denials. Specifically, the fact that some highly publicized school killings were committed by individuals who habitually played violent video games is not strong evidence that violent video games increase aggression.” Their opening few paragraphs even agree with the sentiment that it’s not enough evidence to convict violent video games as the source of increased aggression just because a few bad apples happen to play violent video games before doing a heinous crime like a school shooting.

The main focus of the study is to establish a link between violent movies and tv media aggression to violent video game aggression. Anderson and Bushman talk about 3 experiments that supposedly show links to violence after consuming violent media but we are never given actual figures of the supposed aggression level changes that Bushman and Anderson claim to find. They claim there is a model that shows how violent video games lead to aggression, “Situational input variables (e.g., recent exposure to violent media) influence aggressive behavior through their impact on the person’s present internal state, represented by cognitive, affective, and arousal variables. Violent media increase aggression by teaching observers how to aggress, by priming aggressive cognitions (including previously learned aggressive scripts and aggressive perceptual schemata), by increasing arousal, or by creating an aggressive affective state.” They tell us that by seeing aggression, we learn how to be aggressive. I have watched almost every single episode of Cobra Kai and I still have not learned how to karate chop someone or flip them onto their butts with a swooping leg kick, that is no different with violent video games. Millions of children and adults play violent video games and most of them never kill others, fight someone for no reason, or do aggressive behavior just for liking, playing, and watching violent media.

Anderson and Bushman start to end their study with what they call the key problems with violent video games. A question asked and answered by them was, “How can exposure to violent video games increase aggression? This question requires an examination of underlying processes, especially the three routes in the model: cognition, affect, and arousal. But only the cognitive route is specifically tied to the violent content of violent video games. Even nonviolent games can increase aggressive affect, perhaps by producing high levels of frustration.” We have all been there when playing a friendly game such as Mario Kart when suddenly Luigi who is ahead of you releases a banana peel and your character runs it over. You get frustrated because you’re desperately trying to catch up and win. Does that mean you’re aggressive because you’re frustrated and will do anything in the game such as take a shortcut or throw banana peels at the players in front of you so you’ll win? The answer is no. By trying to insinuate that almost any game can cause aggression is less about the game and more about the individual playing the same. Most of us have a normal reaction of just trying to catch back up to speed. Someone who is already violent would take their Nintendo Switch system and throw it at the wall because they’re a violent person, the video game did not make them that way.

Every study on this topic has its flaws. At the end of it all, there is no significant evidence that video games cause aggression or is the number one factor for aggression in adolescence. This false narrative has been a hot topic since violent video games first became popular and it’s time we stop looking at violent video games as the main culprit and start looking into the issues adolescents may have that are causing their violent behavior.

References

Anderson, Craig A., and Brad J. Bushman. “Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature.” Psychological Science, vol. 12, no. 5, 2001, pp. 353–359.,

Posted in OatmealVibes, Portfolio OatmealVibes | Leave a comment

Causal Rewrite-tlap23

Posted on April 13, 2023 by Thomas Laperriere

FOMO: The Psychological Cause

In the recent 2 decades, FOMO, or the fear of missing out, has been raised to the public’s attention because of the possible correlation between FOMO, depression, and social media. If you were to tell me that you have experienced sadness because your friends are out posting on social media without you, you would be describing one of the many definitions and causes of FOMO. However, although social media has become a staple in most adolescent’s lives, this does not necessarily mean that FOMO only affects people that use social media. The concept of FOMO is a relatively new acronym, being introduced originally in 2004, and later on in 2010 it was reintroduced and researched more heavily because a narrative was made that it had direct links to social media. However, FOMO, the way it is defined, is a psychological effect on the brain and with that information we can conclude that it can be applied to any life scenario in any individual. A simple example of FOMO would be a person who could drive by a nice house and not particularly have the money for something of that elegance. That individual would instantly feel anxious and fear they are missing out on something they could have. 

The fear of missing out is quite self explanatory, defined as one fearing that others are living better lives or possibly they could be missing great opportunities. The need to belong is arguably the leading motivator in a person’s life. When an individual feels as if they do not belong in a particular setting or environment, instant effects hit. FOMO is associated with harmful lingering effects such as poor sleep, anxiety, depression. It can be caused in any age group, but has closely been researched in the adolescent age category. In an article published by PubMed that takes a deep dive into the lingering effects that FOMO can cause, a study was conducted where 101 adolescents experienced fear that they would not be able to sleep, which caused them to have extremely low rates of sleep. Instinctively, everybody wants to do everything they possibly can, but comparing yourself to others only causes harm to yourself. 

The main question that is asked when researching FOMO is why do we feel this way? Ultimately, it is not because of social media or others that cause an individual to feel this way, yet is an independent, self concept. This means that if an individual is constantly comparing themselves to others, they are more likely to experience FOMO. In a case study titled: Why Do People Experience the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)? Exposing the Link Between the Self and the FoMO Through Self-Construal, the independent, self-construal is when an individual “evaluates other people around them as part of their self.” This inevitably leads to the individual being concerned about what others are doing. This self-construal concept is extremely important because it is the person’s ability to identify and evaluate themselves. 

FOMO is a relatively new concept studied among adolescents, but studies show the basic concept of the fear of missing out applies to all age groups and causes extreme anxiety in the work industry among adults. In an article published by Christopher Budnick titled: The Fear of Missing Out at Work, a narrowed definition of FOMO is taken and applied to individuals in the work industry. Workplace FOMO is defined as a “pervasive apprehension that, relative to other employees, one might miss valuable career opportunities when away or disconnected from work,” which leads to poor performance in work, self dissatisfaction, and the ultimate well being in an individual. They describe relational exclusion as a concept that occurs when an employee feels as if they are missing out on networking opportunities, which could lead to poor professional relationships. In professional businesses, networking with others and building relationships is the most important key to success. These professional relationships that are sustained help someone to get good advice or even a new position somewhere. When an individual misses work whether it be being away on vacation or not feeling well, a survey take

of 324 United States employees stated they felt many different types of ways when they missed out. Some of these examples they stated are “I worry I will miss out on networking opportunities that my coworkers will have”, “I fear that my coworkers might make business contracts that I won’t make”, and “I worry that I might miss important work related updates.” This helps to prove that there are several different lingering effects of FOMO and can cause extreme negative influences on the brain like less motivation, performance, and well being. 

Although I am not trying to prove that social media is the leading factor of FOMO, it is still important to note the effects and research that has been heavily done in the recent decade. FOMO is mostly associated with teenagers and college students, as that is the primary age of social media users. Young individuals who are excessive social media users receive consequential effects on the brain. Since social media has become so popular, it allows people to realize or think about just how much they are missing out on. Apps like Snapchat and Instagram harm people’s self confidence because these apps are essentially a way to post the best moments of your life, rather than your worst. Social media apps cause a false narrative to the life that is being lived. These joy filled posts make somebody feel as if they are missing out on a rewarding experience or uninvolved in an event. In a poll conducted by the Association for Consumer Research, out of 198 participants, 75% of those correlated the fear of missing out with social events or their friends. Human belonging is the driving force for motivation and well being, and social media has caused individuals to be so easily harmed by viewing a false created life on social media.

References

Dogan, V. (2019). Why do people experience the fear of missing out (FOMO)? exposing the link between the self and the Fomo through self-construal. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(4), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119839145

Association for consumer research – acrwebsite.org. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v43/acr_vol43_1019794.pdf

Author links open overlay panelChristopher J. Budnick a, a, b, c, AbstractThe popular business media argues that the “fear of missing out” (FoMO) on work-related opportunities harms employees’ health and performance. Yet, Yildirim, C., Wolniewicz, C. A., Scott, H., Roberts, J. A., Ragsdale, J. M., House, R. J., Elhai, J. D., Berenbaum, H., Alt, D., Ajzen, I., Allen, T. D., Ashton, M. C., Bakker, A. B., Barber, L. K., … Gibbons, F. S. (2019, October 10). The fear of missing out at work: Examining costs and benefits to employee health and motivation. Computers in Human Behavior. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563219303735#bib54

Posted in Causal Rewrite, Portfolio TLAP, tlap | 5 Comments

Causal-tlap23

Posted on April 13, 2023 by Thomas Laperriere

In the recent 2 decades, FOMO, or the fear of missing out, has been raised to the public’s attention because of the possible correlation between FOMO, depression, and social media. If you were to tell me that you have experienced sadness because your friends are out posting on social media without you, you would be describing one of the many definitions and causes of FOMO. However, although social media has become a staple in most adolescent’s lives, this does not necessarily mean that FOMO only affects people that use social media. The concept of FOMO is a relatively new acronym, being introduced originally in 2004, and later on in 2010 it was reintroduced and researched more heavily because a narrative was made that it had direct links to social media. However, FOMO, the way it is defined, is a psychological effect on the brain and with that information we can conclude that it can be applied to any life scenario in any individual. A simple example of FOMO would be a person who could drive by a nice house and not particularly have the money for something of that elegance. That individual would instantly feel anxious and fear they are missing out on something they could have. 

The fear of missing out is quite self explanatory, defined as one fearing that others are living better lives or possibly they could be missing great opportunities. The need to belong is arguably the leading motivator in a person’s life. When an individual feels as if they do not belong in a particular setting or environment, instant effects hit. FOMO is associated with harmful lingering effects such as poor sleep, anxiety, depression. It can be caused in any age group, but has closely been researched in the adolescent age category. In an article published by PubMed that takes a deep dive into the lingering effects that FOMO can cause, a study was conducted where 101 adolescents experienced fear that they would not be able to sleep, which caused them to have extremely low rates of sleep. Instinctively, everybody wants to do everything they possibly can, but comparing yourself to others only causes harm to yourself. 

The main question that is asked when researching FOMO is why do we feel this way? Ultimately, it is not because of social media or others that cause an individual to feel this way, yet is an independent, self concept. This means that if an individual is constantly comparing themselves to others, they are more likely to experience FOMO. In a case study titled: Why Do People Experience the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)? Exposing the Link Between the Self and the FoMO Through Self-Construal, the independent, self-construal is when an individual “evaluates other people around them as part of their self.” This inevitably leads to the individual being concerned about what others are doing. This self-construal concept is extremely important because it is the person’s ability to identify and evaluate themselves. 

FOMO is a relatively new concept studied among adolescents, but studies show the basic concept of the fear of missing out applies to all age groups and causes extreme anxiety in the work industry among adults. In an article published by Christopher Budnick titled: The Fear of Missing Out at Work, a narrowed definition of FOMO is taken and applied to individuals in the work industry. Workplace FOMO is defined as a “pervasive apprehension that, relative to other employees, one might miss valuable career opportunities when away or disconnected from work,” which leads to poor performance in work, self dissatisfaction, and the ultimate well being in an individual. They describe relational exclusion as a concept that occurs when an employee feels as if they are missing out on networking opportunities, which could lead to poor professional relationships. In professional businesses, networking with others and building relationships is the most important key to success. These professional relationships that are sustained help someone to get good advice or even a new position somewhere. When an individual misses work whether it be being away on vacation or not feeling well, a survey take

of 324 United States employees stated they felt many different types of ways when they missed out. Some of these examples they stated are “I worry I will miss out on networking opportunities that my coworkers will have”, “I fear that my coworkers might make business contracts that I won’t make”, and “I worry that I might miss important work related updates.” This helps to prove that there are several different lingering effects of FOMO and can cause extreme negative influences on the brain like less motivation, performance, and well being. 

Although I am not trying to prove that social media is the leading factor of FOMO, it is still important to note the effects and research that has been heavily done in the recent decade. FOMO is mostly associated with teenagers and college students, as that is the primary age of social media users. Young individuals who are excessive social media users receive consequential effects on the brain. Since social media has become so popular, it allows people to realize or think about just how much they are missing out on. Apps like Snapchat and Instagram harm people’s self confidence because these apps are essentially a way to post the best moments of your life, rather than your worst. Social media apps cause a false narrative to the life that is being lived. These joy filled posts make somebody feel as if they are missing out on a rewarding experience or uninvolved in an event. In a poll conducted by the Association for Consumer Research, out of 198 participants, 75% of those correlated the fear of missing out with social events or their friends. Human belonging is the driving force for motivation and well being, and social media has caused individuals to be so easily harmed by viewing a false created life on social media.

References

Dogan, V. (2019). Why do people experience the fear of missing out (FOMO)? exposing the link between the self and the Fomo through self-construal. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(4), 524–538. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022119839145

Association for consumer research – acrwebsite.org. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2023, from https://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v43/acr_vol43_1019794.pdf

Author links open overlay panelChristopher J. Budnick a, a, b, c, AbstractThe popular business media argues that the “fear of missing out” (FoMO) on work-related opportunities harms employees’ health and performance. Yet, Yildirim, C., Wolniewicz, C. A., Scott, H., Roberts, J. A., Ragsdale, J. M., House, R. J., Elhai, J. D., Berenbaum, H., Alt, D., Ajzen, I., Allen, T. D., Ashton, M. C., Bakker, A. B., Barber, L. K., … Gibbons, F. S. (2019, October 10). The fear of missing out at work: Examining costs and benefits to employee health and motivation. Computers in Human Behavior. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563219303735#bib54

Posted in Causal Argument, Portfolio TLAP, tlap | Leave a comment

Rebuttal Rewrite – Rowanluver29

Posted on April 13, 2023 by rowanluver29

The Key to Raising a Perfect Serial Killer

Although a rough childhood cannot be an excuse to commit a murder, it can be the reason for one.  The topic discussing child abuse and its link to serial killers is a popular and debatable topic. For example, some researchers believe that childhood abuse alone can drive someone to become a serial killer, but another researcher may wrongly lean towards a side that claims there needs to be more influences than child abuse to have someone go on a killing spree.

The article “Did an Abusive Childhood Turn Albert DeSalvo Into the ‘Boston Strangler’ Serial Killer?” by author Elena Ferrarin, discusses altercation between whether or not DeSalvo’s actions were influenced by childhood abuse or strictly evil intent. To give a little bit of background, DeSalvo is the alleged ‘Boston Strangler’ who confessed to the murderers of 11 women between 1962 and 1964. When DeSalvo was being interviewed about his times as a boy, it was stated that both his mother and his sister had wished he was dead multiple times. Also, how he and his brother would have to stand in front of their father every night to get hit with a belt, he also once had his father hit him with a metal pipe. Moreover, he had witnessed his father knock out his mother’s teeth and break her fingers. And lastly, his father had sold both him and his two sisters for nine dollars to a farmer, without their mother’s knowledge, leading her on a six-month chase to find her children.

However, besides all of the cruel and unusual punishment DeSalvo had experienced, the co-author of an article called “The Incidence of Child Abuse in Serial Killers” chooses to believe that an abusive childhood is not enough to yield a serial killer. Co-author Aamodt states, “If you go through one thing in life-you’re abused, but everything else is pretty stable- it’s not going to have as much effect in terms of you becoming habitually aggressive or violent.” He believes that what builds up to a serial killer is like a point system. Aamodt again states, “But when you are abused and you have neurological damage, from substance abuse, or injury, or because you are exposed to lead, each of those things happened are building up points.” Although DeSalvo did not abuse substance at the time he committed his murders, and it is not confirmed whatsoever that he suffered from neurological damage from drugs, injury, or lead exposure, yet they choose to believe (with zero evidence,) that his childhood abuse could not have been the only factor for DeSalvo’s murder spree. A murderer that is proven to have zero drug use or neurologically damage, but suffered from child abuse is a man named Carl Panzram.

Panzram was an American serial killer, rapist, child molester, arsonist, and robber. He confessed to twenty-one murders but is suspected to have killed more than one hundred men in the United States alone, and multiple more in Portuguese Angola. He also admitted to more than one thousand cases of rape against strictly males. Panzram grew up on a farm and was one of seven children born. Him and his six other siblings were forced to work on the farm for long hours starting at a very young age. That was until a law was passed that made it illegal for Panzrams’ parents not to send the children to school, this law was called the “truancy law.” The children would go to school during the day and work on the farm all night, causing them to get just two hours of sleep before the following school day started. The abuse Carl and his other siblings encountered ranged from being chained up to being starved as well as severe neglect. As he grew older, his father ended up abandoning the family and his older brothers left him as well, one of them being because he had passed on. Panzram was not very liked by other children; he was a liar and a thief by the age of six and his crimes and personality only got worse as he got older. Due to his love for criminal activity starting at such a young age, his mother decided to send him to the Minnesota State Training School, also known as Red Wing. What went on within the halls of this training school also had an influence on what made Panzram the brutal murderer we know him as. Red wing was not only a correction school, but it was also a place where the boys in their “care” were brutalized and raped. One of the buildings on campus was called the “Paint House.” It got its nickname from the mere fact that the boys walked out of there covered in black and blues from getting beaten by the correction officers. After a year had passed the teachers released Panzram from the school, naïve enough to think he was a changed boy. What his mother found out was that he had not changed, his brothers than took on the role of beating him at home since his teachers were not there to do so. Panzram soon enough convinced his mother to send him back the correction school again, it wasn’t long before he pulled a gun on one of his teachers and in response to his own action, dropped the gun and ran away to become a hobo and ride the trains. That decision ended up being a huge mistake, this choice led Panzram to be gang raped twice on the trains by other men, breaking down his sense of morality even more than before.

During his times of abusive from when he was born to his late teens, he was never involved with any drug that could have made him suffer from neurological damage, nor was he in injured in a way that could have caused him neurological damage. He was named America’s most cold-blooded serial killer and the meanest man who ever lived, all because he was raised surrounded by abuse and being a victim of abuse.

References:

Did an Abusive Childhood Turn Albert DeSalvo Into the ‘Boston Strangler’ Serial Killer? – A&E True Crime (aetv.com)

Carl Panzram – Wikipedia

The Tragic Story of a Boy who was Abused and Became a Monster | by Sam H Arnold | CrimeBeat | Medium

Posted in Portfolio RowanLuver, Rebuttal Rewrite, RowanLuver | 1 Comment

Rebuttal – Rowanluver29

Posted on April 13, 2023 by rowanluver29

Needs a Flippin’ Title!

Although a rough childhood cannot be an excuse to commit a murder, it can be the reason for one.  The topic discussing child abuse and its link to serial killers is a popular and debatable topic. For example, some researchers believe that childhood abuse alone can drive someone to become a serial killer, but another researcher may lean towards a side that claims there needs to be more influences than child abuse to have someone go on a killing spree. The article “Did an Abusive Childhood Turn Albert DeSalvo Into the ‘Boston Strangler’ Serial Killer?” by author Elena Ferrarin, discusses altercation between whether or not DeSalvo’s actions were influenced by childhood abuse or strictly evil intent. To give a little bit of background, DeSalvo is the alleged ‘Boston Strangler’ who confessed to the murderers of 11 women between 1962 and 1964. When DeSalvo was being interviewed about his times as a boy, it was stated that both his mother and his sister had wished he was dead multiple times. Also, how he and his brother would have to stand in front of their father every night to get hit with a belt, he also once had his father hit him with a metal pipe. Moreover, he had witnessed his father knock out his mother’s teeth and break her fingers. And lastly, his father had sold both him and his two sisters for nine dollars to a farmer, without their mother’s knowledge, leading her on a six-month chase to find her children. However, besides all of the cruel and unusual punishment DeSalvo had experienced, the co-author of an article called “The Incidence of Child Abuse in Serial Killers” chooses to believe that an abusive childhood is not enough to yield a serial killer. Co-author Aamodt states, “If you go through one thing in life-you’re abused, but everything else is pretty stable- it’s not going to have as much effect in terms of you becoming habitually aggressive or violent.” He believes that what builds up to a serial killer is like a point system. Aamodt again states, “But when you are abused and you have neurological damage, from substance abuse, or injury, or because you are exposed to lead, each of those things happened are building up points.” Although DeSalvo did not abuse substance at the time he committed his murders, and it is not confirmed whatsoever that he suffered from neurological damage from drugs, injury, or lead exposure, yet they choose to believe (with zero evidence,) that his childhood abuse could not have been the only factor for DeSalvo’s murder spree. A murderer that is proven to have zero drug use or neurologically damage, but suffered from child abuse is a man named Carl Panzram. Panzram was an American serial killer, rapist, child molester, arsonist, and robber. He confessed to twenty-one murders but is suspected to have killed more than one hundred men in the United States alone, and multiple more in Portuguese Angola. He also admitted to more than one thousand cases of rape against strictly males. Panzram grew up on a farm and was one of seven children born. Him and his six other siblings were forced to work on the farm for long hours starting at a very young age. That was until a law was passed that made it illegal for Panzrams’ parents not to send the children to school, this law was called the “truancy law.” The children would go to school during the day and work on the farm all night, causing them to get just two hours of sleep before the following school day started. The abuse Carl and his other siblings encountered ranged from being chained up to being starved as well as severe neglect. As he grew older, his father ended up abandoning the family and his older brothers left him as well, one of them being because he had passed on. Panzram was not very liked by other children; he was a liar and a thief by the age of six and his crimes and personality only got worse as he got older. Due to his love for criminal activity starting at such a young age, his mother decided to send him to the Minnesota State Training School, also known as Red Wing. What went on within the halls of this training school also had an influence on what made Panzram the brutal murderer we know him as. Red wing was not only a correction school, but it was also a place where the boys in their “care” were brutalized and raped. One of the buildings on campus was called the “Paint House.” It got its nickname from the mere fact that the boys walked out of there covered in black and blues from getting beaten by the correction officers. After a year had passed the teachers released Panzram from the school, naïve enough to think he was a changed boy. What his mother found out was that he had not changed, his brothers than took on the role of beating him at home since his teachers were not there to do so. Panzram soon enough convinced his mother to send him back the correction school again, it wasn’t long before he pulled a gun on one of his teachers and in response to his own action, dropped the gun and ran away to become a hobo and ride the trains. That decision ended up being a huge mistake, this choice led Panzram to be gang raped twice on the trains by other men, breaking down his sense of morality even more than before. During his times of abusive from when he was born to his late teens, he was never involved with any drug that could have made him suffer from neurological damage, nor was he in injured in a way that could have caused him neurological damage. He was named America’s most cold-blooded serial killer and the meanest man who ever lived, all because he was raised surrounded by abuse and being a victim of abuse.

Needs References

And a paragraph break or two

Posted in Portfolio RowanLuver, Rebuttal Argument, RowanLuver | Leave a comment

Rebuttal Rewrite – Senpai Pio

Posted on April 13, 2023 by Senpai Pio

Intuition is the gut feeling one gets in a certain situation. Like when playing a horror video game, and one knows any second a character is going to pop out. Counterintuition is the opposite. In the video game, the developer knows a character should pop out and scare the gamer, but they choose not to do it. It is counterintuitive that the character did not pop out at that moment. Professor David Hodges, a English Composition, from Rowan University focuses on the idea of counterintuitive. With the focus on counterintuitively, some students may be held back from the opinion of the word, the trap of focusing on the white paper, and unreliability that the reader is truly going to listen that all make research papers an insignificant way of judging whether or not a student has obtained knowledge presented in English Composition Two.

Counterintuitiveness can be seen as subjective. Something may make sense to one person that goes right over the head of someone else. For example, when talking about purposeful summaries, Professor Hodges was going over quick examples, “It seems counterintuitive that human life, which everyone knows gets DNA from two parents when male sperm fertilizes a female egg, could ever require, or even make use of, the DNA of three parents. But that’s exactly what is happening.” To some people like Professor Hodges, that may make complete sense. To others, it may not seem that way. At one point, that most certainly sounds counterintuitive, but with recent discoveries and new technology, it may not seem that way. Who is to say that reproducing with three, four, or five is not possible? To those scientists or patients that have seen this first hand, that statement above may seem very intuitive. 

Throughout the entire spring semester, the students are supposed to keep writing on the same article called the white paper. This is just a rough sketch of everything. The students are supposed to keep quotes, ideas, important summaries, articles, and much more onto this document. The whole purpose is to stay organized throughout the year in order to help the student write their research paper. This may work for some students, but it may also cause failure in others. According to Anu Haapala, writer for Central and Eastern European Online Library, states, “According to many recent studies the effect of learning style on academic performance has been found to be significant and mismatch between teaching and learning styles causes learning failure and frustration.” It is known that students learn differently, but students also write differently. Some students may need to write everything out, have two to three attempts at writing an introduction paragraph, plan everything including the paragraph structure, or some students can just naturally write. There is not a right or wrong way to get to a destination as long as they get there. 

The research paper that the students have been working on the entirety of the year according to Professor Hodges, “is to persuade readers of the rightness of your opinion based on the evidence you’ve compiled and synthesized.” This is supposed to be achieved with hours beyond hours of research, but it can all be for nothing. In an example presented by Professor Hodges, there is a bridge that is not wide enough for people to fish and walk by it. Dogs were accidentally getting caught on or eating fish hooks. So, they put up a sign explaining that no one is allowed to fish there anymore. According to Professor Hodges on the Invention by Naming article, “Now that the signs are up, dog walkers can demand the right of way, and the kids with their tackle might grumble, but they leave when they’re told to leave.” The kids do leave after they are told, but they wait until they are told. Before someone walks their dog there, the sign is completely ignored. The same goes with the research papers. Hours are spent obtaining facts and evidence, and like the kids they can just be completely ignored. How is the student supposed to persuade someone who does not want to be pursuaded? 

Likewise, when going over the Stanford Prison experiment, many students explained how it was due to white men that they acted out as they did. A very few students explained how instead it was due to the fact that it was human nature to act out that way. When debating about the topic, the very few students were outnumbered, and their opinions ultimately were ignored. According to Thibault Le Texier who quoted professor Philip Zombardo, “I had been conducting research for some years on deindividuation, vandalism and dehumanization that illustrated the ease with which ordinary people could be led to engage in antisocial acts by putting them in situations where they felt anonymous, or they could perceive of others in ways that made them less than human, as enemies or objects [. . .] [I wondered] what would happen if we aggregated all of these processes, making some subjects feel deindividuated, others dehumanized within an anonymous environment in the same experimental setting, and where we could carefully document the process over time. (Stanford University News Service, 1997, p. 8)” The ultimate goal was to dehumanize the prisoners. Since everyone is human, regardless of race or gender, the same things would have happened. When explaining this to the other students in the class, the few students were completely ignored. This shows how easy it is to ignore a claim, just because one does not want to believe the opposing side.

Since the topic of the research paper, counterintuition, trapping one into planning and writing a certain way, and the possibility of certain claims being ignored, the research paper to show what knowledge a student has obtained becomes absurd. Counterintuition can be different things depending on the person. Words or phrases mean different things to everyone. Likewise, so do claims. After figuring out a claim, the ability to write the research paper in a certain format may not work depending on what kind of student the writer is. The possibility of their claims being ignored, like the sign on the bridge, may invalidate a writer’s paper strictly due to the reader and their previous viewpoints. While research papers may seem like a good way to see a student’s knowledge, they have many flaws. By providing different ways of allowing a student to show what they have learned, it is a gateway for the best chance of success for every student. 

Work Cited

Articles: https://wordpress.com/view/compclass2021.com 

Articles: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=167100

Articles: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0742051X07001436?token=642BB75A752DF0106256EF7C3281ACE3F4AA1300E6B4DB707781A2CCDA1DF0C7F6C25DF8BFE4FD0DCB148649E2538A5F&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20230413164838

Articles: https://web-p-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=273c4d89-e99a-43c3-9c28-0233b36f5d80%40redis 

Articles: https://wordpress.com/view/compclass2021.com Articles: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2268372668?accountid=13605

Posted in Rebuttal Rewrite, SenpaiPio | Leave a comment

Rebuttal – Senpai Pio

Posted on April 13, 2023 by Senpai Pio

Needs a Title

Intuition is the gut feeling one gets in a certain situation. Like when playing a horror video game, and one knows any second a character is going to pop out. Counterintuition is the opposite. In the video game, the developer knows a character should pop out and scare the gamer, but they choose not to do it. It is counterintuitive that the character did not pop out at that moment. Professor David Hodges, a English Composition, from Rowan University focuses on the idea of counterintuitive. With the focus on counterintuitively, some students may be held back from the opinion of the word, the trap of focusing on the white paper, and unreliability that the reader is truly going to listen that all make research papers an insignificant way of judging whether or not a student has obtained knowledge presented in English Composition Two.

Counterintuitiveness can be seen as subjective. Something may make sense to one person that goes right over the head of someone else. For example, when talking about purposeful summaries, Professor Hodges was going over quick examples, “It seems counterintuitive that human life, which everyone knows gets DNA from two parents when male sperm fertilizes a female egg, could ever require, or even make use of, the DNA of three parents. But that’s exactly what is happening.” To some people like Professor Hodges, that may make complete sense. To others, it may not seem that way. At one point, that most certainly sounds counterintuitive, but with recent discoveries and new technology, it may not seem that way. Who is to say that reproducing with three, four, or five is not possible? To those scientists or patients that have seen this first hand, that statement above may seem very intuitive. 

Throughout the entire spring semester, the students are supposed to keep writing on the same article called the white paper. This is just a rough sketch of everything. The students are supposed to keep quotes, ideas, important summaries, articles, and much more onto this document. The whole purpose is to stay organized throughout the year in order to help the student write their research paper. This may work for some students, but it may also cause failure in others. According to Anu Haapala, writer for Central and Eastern European Online Library, states, “According to many recent studies the effect of learning style on academic performance has been found to be significant and mismatch between teaching and learning styles causes learning failure and frustration.” It is known that students learn differently, but students also write differently. Some students may need to write everything out, have two to three attempts at writing an introduction paragraph, plan everything including the paragraph structure, or some students can just naturally write. There is not a right or wrong way to get to a destination as long as they get there. 

The research paper that the students have been working on the entirety of the year according to Professor Hodges, “is to persuade readers of the rightness of your opinion based on the evidence you’ve compiled and synthesized.” This is supposed to be achieved with hours beyond hours of research, but it can all be for nothing. In an example presented by Professor Hodges, there is a bridge that is not wide enough for people to fish and walk by it. Dogs were accidentally getting caught on or eating fish hooks. So, they put up a sign explaining that no one is allowed to fish there anymore. According to Professor Hodges on the Invention by Naming article, “Now that the signs are up, dog walkers can demand the right of way, and the kids with their tackle might grumble, but they leave when they’re told to leave.” The kids do leave after they are told, but they wait until they are told. Before someone walks their dog there, the sign is completely ignored. The same goes with the research papers. Hours are spent obtaining facts and evidence, and like the kids they can just be completely ignored. How is the student supposed to persuade someone who does not want to be pursuaded? 

Likewise, when going over the Stanford Prison experiment, many students explained how it was due to white men that they acted out as they did. A very few students explained how instead it was due to the fact that it was human nature to act out that way. When debating about the topic, the very few students were outnumbered, and their opinions ultimately were ignored. According to Thibault Le Texier who quoted professor Philip Zombardo, “I had been conducting research for some years on deindividuation, vandalism and dehumanization that illustrated the ease with which ordinary people could be led to engage in antisocial acts by putting them in situations where they felt anonymous, or they could perceive of others in ways that made them less than human, as enemies or objects [. . .] [I wondered] what would happen if we aggregated all of these processes, making some subjects feel deindividuated, others dehumanized within an anonymous environment in the same experimental setting, and where we could carefully document the process over time. (Stanford University News Service, 1997, p. 8)” The ultimate goal was to dehumanize the prisoners. Since everyone is human, regardless of race or gender, the same things would have happened. When explaining this to the other students in the class, the few students were completely ignored. This shows how easy it is to ignore a claim, just because one does not want to believe the opposing side.

Since the topic of the research paper, counterintuition, trapping one into planning and writing a certain way, and the possibility of certain claims being ignored, the research paper to show what knowledge a student has obtained becomes absurd. Counterintuition can be different things depending on the person. Words or phrases mean different things to everyone. Likewise, so do claims. After figuring out a claim, the ability to write the research paper in a certain format may not work depending on what kind of student the writer is. The possibility of their claims being ignored, like the sign on the bridge, may invalidate a writer’s paper strictly due to the reader and their previous viewpoints. While research papers may seem like a good way to see a student’s knowledge, they have many flaws. By providing different ways of allowing a student to show what they have learned, it is a gateway for the best chance of success for every student. 

References

Articles: https://wordpress.com/view/compclass2021.com 

Articles: https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=167100

Articles: https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0742051X07001436?token=642BB75A752DF0106256EF7C3281ACE3F4AA1300E6B4DB707781A2CCDA1DF0C7F6C25DF8BFE4FD0DCB148649E2538A5F&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20230413164838

Articles: https://web-p-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=273c4d89-e99a-43c3-9c28-0233b36f5d80%40redis 

Articles: https://wordpress.com/view/compclass2021.com Articles: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2268372668?accountid=13605

Posted in Rebuttal Argument, SenpaiPio | 2 Comments

Rebuttal rewrite—SayCheese

Posted on April 13, 2023 by saycheese03

The Key to an Easier Life

Money. A bargaining principle, typically in the form of coins and banknotes, is used as a payment for goods and services. Yet, in our world today, it is the main factor, that can collectively be agreed on, and influences the way we live our lives. In today’s society, money has become more prominent, leading individuals to base their emotional state and well-being on income. Although it is argued that money cannot buy happiness, it’s evident that it generates an untroubled and easier way of living. 

The motto “money cannot buy happiness” is commonly thrown around without the perception that financial stability alleviates an area of burden in life. When negative events occur in one’s life, whether financial or personal, there is a form of damage control that is performed to make the best of the situation. Money is a form of control that dictates how someone lives, therefore, the more that is acquired, the more control one has over life events and the solutions that could follow. The article, “Speaking of Psychology: The Stress of Money, with Linda Gallo, Ph.D.” provides the transcript of a podcast with Dr. Linda Gallo speaking on the 2015 American Psychological Association Stress in America Survey. Dr. Linda Gallo highlights the stress that coincides with financials and the long-term effects this stress has on one’s overall health. In the transcript, it states, “APA’s 2015 Stress in American survey tells us that money continues to be a top source of stress for Americans from all economic backgrounds. Now, however, in this last survey, lower-income households reported higher overall stress levels than those living in higher-income households…… First, as we know from the Stress in America survey, financial stress is a very common cause of stress overall and it’s more likely to occur if people have lower incomes.” Dr. Linda Gallo includes the 2015 survey findings supporting that households with a higher income experience less financial stress than a lower income household. With households making a comfortable income, they are less likely to worry about financials such as mortgages, rent, bills, groceries, etc., compared to a household that must take precautions such as budgeting accordingly for basic living necessities. Financial stability gives people the ability to exert energy on other things in life while allowing them to live comfortably, with little stress. 

In addition to financial stress, money is also a big factor in alleviating overall stress levels. For instance, a study done at Harvard Business School by Jon Jachimowicz investigates the effects of financial stability and its correlation to one’s overall well-being. In the study “More Proof That Money Can Buy Happiness (or a Life with Less Stress),” 522 participants, each having different incomes, were asked to keep a diary, tracking their daily events and emotions for 30 days. After 30 days, one of the findings supported that money does and can help reduce stress levels, specifically pertaining to intense stress. The study concluded “There was no significant difference in how often the participants experienced distressing events—no matter their income, they recorded a similar number of daily frustrations. But those with higher incomes experienced less negative intensity from those events.” Although money does not reduce the concept of stress altogether, the amount of income one makes can help fund resources or ways to reduce and undermine the intensity of the stress, whether that is investing in therapy, affording medications, supplements, or even activities such as yoga classes or a gym membership. People with lower incomes are exposed to more stressors and limited to ways in managing that stress, compared to those who experience financial s no instability. 

Aside from stress, money is commonly used as a gateway in legal practice and the law. In the United States, the Justice System revolves around money and money bail, making the system harder for less wealthy individuals and easier for the rich. For example, two people can commit the same crime, but both undergo two different experiences. Someone who is financially stable can afford bail and avoid spending a night in jail, while someone who struggles to put food on the table is going to spend a year in person. In the article “The US bail system punishes the poor and rewards the rich” by Arpit Gupta and Ethan Frenchmen, they compare life in jail in America amongst the poor and the rich. The article includes that the “system unfairly punishes people who are too poor to buy their freedom. In Maryland, for example, between 2011 and 2015, more than 80,000 defendants (pdf) were jailed because they were unable to afford bail. And, like Stanford, more than 17,000 of them were jailed on a bail amount of $5,000 or less.” This clearly shows that money can not only make life easier but can buy you your freedom in instances like going to jail or not. Aside from the money bail system in the United States, money is a gateway out of minor infractions such as speeding tickets, parking tickets, and other minor fines and fees. What seems like a small problem and easy payment to someone who is financially comfortable, can be a major issue to someone struggling monetarily. This issue can lead to increases in fines and court costs, causing financial stress which results in overworking, relationship strains, mental health issues, etc. 

Overall, a constant theme throughout our lives that we subconsciously determine a majority of our decisions based on is money. This thin sheet of paper affects the way we live and go about life, as well as the level of difficulty in living. Without a sufficient amount of money, we not only are limited to the opportunities we can experience yet how we manage certain obstacles and issues. Unfortunately, in today’s society, in order to fix our problems, money will always be involved. Our financial status determines how difficult the challenges we face are, and it is clear through all the research and evidence included that money alleviates financial burden, and stress, and even can help buy your freedom. With that, although the common motto of “money cannot buy you happiness” continues to be debated, it is clear that it can buy you an easier life.

Works Cited 
NOT WORKS CITED. REFERENCES. Centered and not ALL CAPS. Like this:

References

And fix your References to follow the APA format we covered in class and practiced:
https://compclass2021.com/syllabus-plus-2/apa-citation/

https://www.apa.org/news/podcasts/speaking-of-psychology/financial-stress

https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/more-proof-that-money-can-buy-happiness

https://qz.com/900777/the-us-bail-system-punishes-the-poor-and-rewards-the-rich

Posted in Portfolio SayCheese, Rebuttal Rewrite, SayCheese | 3 Comments