Counterintuitive Spring 2023

Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

1.  “Why Do Mormons Perform Baptisms for the Dead?” Mormon.org. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This is a frequently asked questions page on mormon.org.  It explains why the Mormons practice baptisms for the dead, and gives a bit of historical context.

How I used it: I used this article to explain the rationale behind posthumous baptisms, and to establish certain truths about the practice (for example, the fact that the remains of the deceased are not disturbed).

2. Naik, Jordan. “Here Are 10 Famous People Posthumously Baptized By Mormons.” Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 2 Mar. 2012. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article lists some of the individuals baptized by the LDS Church, as well as provides some information on the practice.

How I used it: I used this article to name certain benefactors of posthumous baptism.  I also used it to help me do away with some misconceptions about proxy baptism, such as the idea that a baptism always results in a conversion.

3. Oppenheimer, Mark. “A Twist on Posthumous Baptisms Leaves Jews Miffed at Mormon Rite.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 2 Mar. 2012. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article outlines the posthumous baptism of Daniel Pearl and others, and reports the reactions of some members of the Jewish community.

How I used it: I used this article to describe the sentiments felt by the Jews after Holocaust victims and other members of their faith were baptized.  It also helped me to demonstrate the hostility that followed the baptism of Daniel Pearl.

4. Veronese, Keith. “The Time Mormons Baptized Adolf Hitler and Vlad the Impaler.” Io9.com. Io9, 22 Nov. 2012. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article not only lists a number of people posthumously baptized by the Mormon Church, but also explains the exact process of proxy baptism.  It also explains that such baptisms are performed to release the soul of the deceased from Spirit Prison.  It also touches on the controversy surrounding the baptism of Holocaust victims.

How I used it: I used this article to outline how a proxy baptism takes place, and to further establish the reasons for which such baptisms are performed.

5. Goyette, Braden. “Why Mormons Baptize the Dead: A Guide.” NY Daily News. Daily News, 1 Mar. 2012. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article answers several questions about posthumous baptism, such as why and how the practice is performed.  It also establishes the opinion of the LDS Church on other faiths on the topic.

How I used it: This article helped me to provide more detail on the reasons for which Mormons baptize dead people.  It also allowed me to contrast this practice with other religions that believe that salvation cannot be achieved after death.

6. All Dead Mormons Are Now Gay. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This website was created in retaliation to the baptism of Daniel Pearl.  It claims to be able to convert dead Mormons to homosexuality.

How I used it: I used this website to demonstrate the vitriol in the Jewish community, and to show a practice that I asserted to be more harmful than posthumous baptism.

7. “What Is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints’ Attitude regarding Homosexuality and Same Sex Marriage?” Mormon.org. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This web page, also found on mormon.org, outlines the position of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on homosexuality.

How I used it: I used this website to argue that in converting Mormons to homosexuality, the Jews are being disrespectful towards the Mormon faith by subjecting them to go directly against their religion. (Note: I might not use this one in my final paper.  I’ll remove it from this post if that ends up being the case.)

8. Ithurburn, Fred Bert. God Loves Everyone. 1st ed. Trafford, 2012. 51. Print.

Background: This is a book that discusses God’s supposed love for all of humanity, regardless of faith.

How I used it: I used a concept detailed in this book–God’s motherly love for all Jews and Gentiles–to assert that if all individuals are loved equally by God, their faith is an irrelevant detail.  Thus, I asserted that no religion can be considered superior to another.

9. The Elephant Man. Dir. David Lynch. 1980. Film.

Background: David Lynch’s The Elephant Man has been hailed as a tale of incredible humanity.  It tells the tale of John Merrick, a man plagued with elephantiasis.  Because of his terrifying appearance and a disregard for his humanity, Merrick is outcast from society.

How I used it: I reiterated one of the most memorable quotes from the film: “People are frightened by what they don’t understand.”  This summarized my argument that because Jews do not understand the good will behind posthumous baptisms, they become frightened and angry at the Mormon Church.

10. Otterman, Sharon. “Mayor De Blasio and Rabbis Near Accord on New Circumcision Rule.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 14 Jan. 2015. Web. 24 Nov. 2015

Background: This article outlines the Jewish religious practice of ritual circumcision.  It also offers the disturbing fact that because of certain parts of this tradition, some Jewish babies became infected by the herpes virus and died.

How I used it: I used this article to provide an example of a Jewish practice that causes actual harm to living people, in contrast with a Mormon practice that has no tangible effects.

11. James, Susan Donaldson. “Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision By Orthodox Jews.” ABC News. ABC News Network, 12 Mar. 2012. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article discusses roughly the same things as the one immediately above it, but focuses more on the infections, rather than the practice of circumcision itself.

How I used it: Like the article directly above, I used this article to call attention to the real-world effects of a religious practice.  This article also allowed me to point out the hypocrisy of Jewish individuals who ignore their own flawed traditions.

12. Genesis. Holy Bible. Colorado Springs: Biblica, 2011. Print.

Background: This is the book of Genesis in the Holy Bible, the first four books of which make up the Jewish Torah.  In the particular part of the particular book that I have cited here, many commandments are given to Abraham, such as the commandment to circumcise all males.  Orthodox Jews follow these commandments–circumcision being no exception.

How I used it: I used this passage of scripture to highlight the arbitrary nature of circumcision.  I also contrasted the practice with posthumous baptisms, claiming that the former accomplishes nothing whatsoever, while the latter offers something to the deceased.

12. “Mission and Vision.” Http://www.sbc.net/aboutus/missionvision.asp. Southern Baptist Convention, 15 June 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This is a page on the website for the Southern Baptist faith.  It discusses the Baptist tradition of mission service, as well as its goal to lead all of mankind to their own interpretation of salvation.

How I used it: I used this website to draw parallels between the Mormons and the Southern Baptists, stating that both faiths believe in the importance of missionary work.  This allowed me to argue that while posthumous baptisms are partially done to gain converts, this goal is not an uncommon one.  Furthermore, I claimed that this is simply one reason for which post-mortem baptisms are performed.

13. “A Missionary Church.” Mormon.org. Web. 3 Dec. 2015.

Background: This is a page from mormon.org, explaining why Mormons believe so strongly in mission service.

How I used it: I used this source to draw parallels between Mormonism and other religions that believe in missionary work, which allowed me to argue that the Mormon religion is not extremely unlike other religions.

Edit 12/3/15: Removed sources 7 and 8, as I didn’t end up using them. Also added source 13.

1. Gregoire, Carolyn. “Why These Neuroscientists Are Prescribing Video Games” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 29 Oct. 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: This Huffington Post article provides a brief overview of the researchers’ findings. It explains what the game aims to do, provides examples of the benefits found, and has quotes from autistic participants who tout the game’s positive impact.

How I Used It: My hypothesis deals with the healing aspects of certain games on autism, so I cited the game described here as an example of this new innovative technique. I detailed and explained how the game works, employing social and empathetic skills in players.

2. Koller, Dan. “Center for Brain Health Uses Technology to Help Autistic Children Practice Interaction” D Healthcare Daily. N.p., 19 Aug. 2013. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: The lead researcher/creator of the project, Carl Lutz, tells of the game and the team’s findings through his own perspective.

How I Used It: Since this article looks inside the mind of the game’s creator, I was able to clearly understand the motivations of the developers and what they aimed to do with this game.

3. ASF. “What is Autism?” N.p., 2015. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: A brief explanation of autism is given in simple and concise terms by the Autism Science Foundation.

How I Used It: Autism is defined simply here, and I used the given definition to relate the symptoms of autism to the aspects of therapeutic games that target these specific areas for treatment.

4. Olson, Samantha. “Storytelling in Video Games May Improve Social Skills, Emotional Capacity in Kids With Autism” N.p., 12 Apr. 2015. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: The storytelling and life-like aspects of the Center for Brain Health’s game are detailed.

How I Used It: The Center for Brain Health’s game and another game I touch upon, Social Clues, use storytelling to relate to the players and make for a more engaging experience. This article describes the benefits of storytelling in games. I included the evidence for these benefits, supporting my assertion that these new games can alleviate autism.

5. Dembosky, April. “‘Play This Video Game And Call Me In The Morning’“NPR. NPR, 17 Aug. 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

Background: NPR covers another game that is aimed at treating cognitive disorders, Project Evo, detailing the gameplay and how it is helping children cope with disorders ranging from ADHD to Asperger’s.

How I Used It: I was able to craft this articles highlights into a definition argument, proposing that therapeutic video games be classified as forms of therapy and become available through prescription. Also, I found out that the FDA is the reason this is not already happening, and explained that video games would already be defined as therapy if not for this organization.

6. “Therapeutic Video Game, “Project: EVO” Makes Headlines.” Autism Speaks. N.p., 16 Mar. 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

Background: Project Evo is explored thoroughly, including how it’s now being used to diagnose certain disorders.

How I Used It: This article provided me with the various effects games like Project Evo can have on the brain. I used these effects to support the neuroscience-backed argument for my proposal.

7. Gray, Peter. “Cognitive Benefits of Playing Video Games.” Psychology Today. N.p., 20 Feb. 2015. Web. 03 Nov. 2015

Background: A study by the American Journal of Play found that gamers had better cognitive functions, like visual sensitivity and multitasking, as compared to non-gamers.

How I Used It: The stark contrast between the brains of those who heavily play games and those who play none at all is shown here, revealing that video games can indeed change the brain in a positive manner.

8. Eichenbaum, Adam, Daphne Bavelier, and C. Shawn Green. “Video Games.” SpringerReference (2011): n. pag. Web. 03 Nov. 2015.

Background: Research is provided that backs the belief that video games can be used as teaching tools and can change perceptual and cognitive processing. Several studies are named.

How I Used It: My hypothesis deals with teaching children social skills through video games, and this article explains why video games have proved to be useful teaching tools. Additionally, autism is a cognitive disorder, and the cognitive effects these games can have are given.

9. Wong, Connie, Samuel L. Odom, Kara A. Hume, Ann W. Cox, Angel Fettig, Suzanne Kucharczyk, Matthew E. Brock, Joshua B. Plavnick, Veronica P. Fleury, and Tia R. Schultz. “Evidence-Based Practices for Children, Youth, and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review.” J Autism Dev Disord Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45.7 (2015): 1951-966. 2014. Web. 8 Nov. 2015.

Background: Evidence-based practices are the science-based methods that prove paramount in effective autism treatment.

How I Used It: I cover the game Social Clues as one of the therapeutic tools of autism treatment, and this game incorporates four evidence-based practices that this article helped me understand.

10. Ballon, Marc. “Video Game Promotes Social Engagement for Children with Autism.” Video Game Promotes Social Engagement for Children with Autism. N.p., 21 Apr. 2014. Web. 8 Nov. 2015.

Background: The development and gameplay of Social Clues is explored here, detailing the game’s aims and the effort that went into it.

How I Used It: I used the descriptions of Social Clues to show the benefits storytelling games like it can have on autistic players.  

11. Coren, Michael. “Foldit Gamers Solve Riddle of HIV Enzyme Within 3 Weeks.”Scientific American Global RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.

Background: Developers released a game online, called Foldit, where players could create models of enzymes. This led to a breakthrough in understanding the protein that reproduces the AIDs virus.

How I Used It: The nonlinear and cooperative aspects of Foldit inspired creative problem-solving in players. These components are inherent in many of the therapeutic autism games, showing the connection games can have on cognitive abilities like problem-solving.

12. Granic, Isabela, Adam Lobel, and Rutger Engels. “Playing Video Games.”The Benefits of Playing Videogames (2006): n. pag. 2006. Web. 15 Nov. 2015.

Background: This scholarly article goes to great lengths to explore the many benefits of video games, including cognitive and social.

How I Used It: I described the causal relation between playing certain video games, namely action, and having increased cognitive functioning.

1. Hugelshofer, Daniela S., Robert C. Reff, and Megan L. Olson. “Humour’s Role in the Relation Between Attributional Style and Disphoria.” Ed. Paul Kwon. European Journal of Personality, 20 Mar. 2006. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

Background: This source details the link between styles of humor and depressive episodes, and presents further commentary on the hopelessness theory of depression. It provides and goes in depth about research conducted by Washington State University on the topic, and elaborate on how and why comedy is used as a defense mechanism in those susceptible to depressive episodes.

How I Used It: With this study, I was able to correlate depression with comedy, making it that much easier to explain how comedians use their work as a coping mechanism by providing concrete evidence.

2. Mcgraw, A. P., C. Warren, L. E. Williams, and B. Leonard. “Too Close for Comfort, or Too Far to Care? Finding Humor in Distant Tragedies and Close Mishaps.” Psychological Science (2012): 1215-223. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

Background: Several colleagues from The University of Colorado explore the Benign Violation Theory of Comedy, researching the correlation between distance and severity of an event to how funny it is to an audience. Their research elaborates on tragedy versus mishap, and under what conditions they are deemed humorous. 

How I Used It: This is the backbone of my research. To begin examining comedy, I should have some idea on why certain things are funny, and why others are not. McGraw and Warren’s study has also been used to explain why tragedy is funny, helping myself and my reader better understand how comedians with mental illness use the Benign Violation Theory of Comedy to their advantage.

3. Mcgraw, A. P., and C. Warren. “Benign Violations: Making Immoral Behavior Funny.” Psychological Science (2010): 1141-149. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

Background: Another study by Warren and McGraw, this research focuses primarily on the moral aspects of comedy, once again in relation t the Benign Violation Theory of Comedy. McGraw and Warren study the difference in morally correct and incorrect behavior, and the affect on a audience should those affected be friend, family, or stranger.

How I Used It: McGraw and Warren make up the majority of my research, as they provide intelligent insight ingot the cognitive process behind comedy, as well as the necessary components to make something funny. In this study, I was given the tools to not only comment on the comedy in unfortunate events, but also the comedy found within people and their occasionally immoral and/or unethical behavior.

4. Khazan, Olga. “The Dark Psychology of Being a Good Comedian.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

Background: While a bit sporadic in it’s nature, this article mainly covers the specific traits a successful comedian possesses, as eel as the balance of light and dark needed in a routine. The dark side of comedy, depression, and cognitive process are all discussed at length bringing to light how, when, where, and why certain things are funny.

How I Used It: This article covers one too many topics for my liking, but there are several points made that interested me, namely the comparisons of several theories of comedy, as well as the differentiation between a comedian’s stage presence and genuine personality.

5. Snow, Shane. “A Quest to Understand What Makes Things Funny.” The New Yorker. Condé Nast, 1 Apr. 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2015.

Background: Snow quickly briefs the reader on several theories of comedy presented over the years, and why each one is not fully complete. The article contains a brief interview with McGraw and Warren, and recaps the process behind the development of the Benign Violation Theory of Comedy.

How I Used It: This article provided several examples of benign violations, simplifying McGraw and Warren’s theory into specific instances, helping me better understand the overall concept. The process behind creating the Benign Violation Theory of Comedy as well as the simplified examples have helped me better relay the core concept to the reader.

6. “Comedians Have ‘high Levels of Psychotic Traits’.” BBC News. N.p., 16 Jan. 2014. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.

Background: This article covers the common personality traits of comedians and how those traits affect their ability to create new, interesting material in comedy.

How I Used It: I was able to use this article to explain why traits of instability are the reason comedians can do what they do so well. While not all are affected by mental illness, the traits that go along actually aid comedians in their craft.

7. Barsotti, Scott T.”Are Theatre Artists Hardwired?” HowlRound. 19 Oct. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2015.

Background: This article broadens its subject to all theatre artist, and explains the different aptitudes performers have to be successful in their craft, as well as how different proficiencies affect a person’s work.

How I Used It: This article was interesting because ti had a different outlook than some of the others I had found, and went down the path I had originally taken, in the vein of “How to Create the Perfect Comedian.” Along with psychotic traits, I was able to use this article to build on the ideal comedic personality and explain how each aptitude affects the process of creating a routine.

8. Vankin, Deborah. “Laugh Factory to Add Therapy to Stand-up Comics’ Routine.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 9 Feb. 2011. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.

Background: This article interviews Laugh Factory owner Jamie Masada, as he had given performers at the club to take part in in-house therapy to help them cope with their inner demons. Several comedians give their own stories on how they and their peers work through their struggles.

How I Used It: I wanted another article that detailed personal struggle, as well asa desire to recover. This article gave insight on the different coping methods within the community along with individual’s views on therapy.

 9. McGaw, Peter, and Joel Warner. “Is the Stereotype of the Depressed Comedian True?” Slate. The Humor Code. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: The 9th entry of The Humor Code, a 10-entry column written by Peter McGraw and Joel Warner, sheds light on the depressed comic stereotype and wether or not comedians rely on psychological instability in order to be successful. Comparisons are made between personality traits on and off stage and how that influences the paradigm the general public has of comedians.

How I Used It: This article dismantled the idea that all comedians are damaged. While the vast majority are in different ways, this article helped me remind the reader the the majority does not mean everyone. This article gave the viewpoint that comedians are seen this way because their job is to be open about their experiences, so they may not be more screwed up, just more willing to admit that they are.

10. Stang, Debra. “What Is Psychosis?” WiseGEEK. Ed. J.T. Gale. N.p., 12 Oct. 2015. Web. 26 Oct. 2015.

Background: One of a small amount of medical articles, Stang easily explains why psychosis is, how it is caused, and the correlation with other similar conditions and diseases.

How I Used It: This article was used for medical research and background into what psychosis means. Comedians test for high levels of psychotic traits, and I wanted to elaborate on what that entails, as well as why it is relevant.

11. Youngs, Ian. “Robin Williams and the Link between Comedy and Depression.” BBC News. 12 Aug. 2014. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.

Background: In light of Robin Williams’ death, this article clarifies wether or not all comedians are prone to depression as well as other mental health issues. There are several disorders discussed, commented on by the comedians who suffer from these various disorders.

How I Used It: This article was one of the first I had found, and in the vast sea of articles about Robin Williams’ death, this one introduced the concept of comedy as a coping mechanism. There is also great commentary that comedy comes at a price, and that signs of mental illness and suicidal thoughts are often hard to uncover at first glance.

12. Osterndorf, Chris. “On Wayne Brady and Why so Many Stand-up Comics Face Depression.” The Daily Dot. 5 Nov. 2014. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.

Background: Famous comedian Wayne Brady opens up about his own bouts of depression and the inner turmoil he experiences. The author presents a candid article about suicide and the importance of discussing mental health.

How I Used It: With this article, I had a number of interview from comedians on how they cope with depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as how they have been affected by suicide within their community. This article is the perfect gate way into spreading awareness about mental health and the importance of discussion on the issue.

13. “What Are the Causes of Mental Illness?” What Are the Causes of Mental Illness. Web. 25 Oct. 2015.

Background: This medical article explains the biological, psychological, and environmental causes of mental illness.

How I Used It: This article helped me explain how mental illness comes about, wether it be due to genetics, upbringing, or psychological stress. By explaining the medical background of mental illness, I was able to relate these disorders back to the traits observed in great comedians.

1. Cohen, Philip. “America Is Still a Patriarchy.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 Nov. 2012. Web. <http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2012/11/america-is-still-a-patriarchy/265428/&gt;.

Background: This is an article that puts forth the idea that modern-day America is in fact still a patriarchy, and it also provides statistics to back up this fact.

How I Used It: I took much from this argument to demonstrate an American patriarchy in my essay.

2. Eichelberger, Erika. “Men Defining Rape: A History.” Mother Jones. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/08/men-defining-rape-history&gt;.

Background: This is a historical resource that gives information on the definitions of rape from various male-dominated laws and moral codes in history.

How I Used It: I used this source to support my claim that we historically have lived in a patriarchy. The argument that Eichelberger puts forth, that man have no business defining the rape of a woman, was very influential to my own argument.

3. “Frequently Asked Questions about the Change in the UCR Definition of Rape.” Fbi.gov. N.p., 11 Dec. 2013. Web. <https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/recent-program-updates/new-rape-definition-frequently-asked-questions&gt;.

Background: This is a source from the FBI that defines the new working definition of rape in the United States.

How I Used It: I used these statistics to form the foundation of my argument.

4. Manning, Jennifer E. “Membership of the 113th Congress: A Profile.” Congressional Research Service. US Congress, 24 Nov. 2014. Web.

Background: This is a Congress-sanctioned report on various demographic statistics for the 113th Congress.

How I Used It: This was used as an illustration of the social patriarchy that we have here in America. The proportion of elected female politicians is very telling about our socio-political culture, especially when it comes to our androcentrism.

5. McKelle, Erin. “On ‘Choice’ Feminism and Internalized Misogyny: Why We Participate in Patriarchal Oppression.” Everyday Feminism. N.p., 25 July 2014. Web. <http://everydayfeminism.com/2014/07/choice-feminism-internalized-misogyny/&gt;.

Background: This is an article from a popular “women’s issues” and news site.

How I Used It: I used this source to illustrate the connection between patriarchy and institutionalized misogyny.

6. “Sexual Assault Statistics.” One In Four USA. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.oneinfourusa.org/statistics.php&gt;.

Background: This is a collection of statistics about rape and sexual assault taken from a variety of other sources.

How I Used It: The statistics presented here helped form the basis of my argument.

7. “The Conundrum of the Glass Ceiling.” The Economist. The Economist, 21 July 2005. Web. <http://www.economist.com/node/4197626&gt;.

Background: This is an article from a popular news site that examines various statistics, especially related to women in business.

How I Used It: I used this source to make the point that women are underrepresented in the workforce.

8. Thomson-Deveaux, Amelia. “What If Most Campus Rapes Aren’t Committed By Serial Rapists?” FiveThirtyEight. N.p., 13 July 2015. Web. <http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-if-most-campus-rapes-arent-committed-by-serial-rapists/&gt;.

Background: This is an article from a popular news site that analyzes recent studies regarding rape statistics on college campuses.

How I Used It: I used this source primarily as a factual resource, but the argument put forth by Thomson-Deveaux about how widespread a problem campus rape is was very influential to me.

9. Weiss, Suzannah. “Bustle.” Bustle. Bustle, n.d. Web. <http://www.bustle.com/articles/118139-4-statistics-that-prove-we-need-to-teach-people-about-consent&gt;.

Background: This is an article from a news site that talks about different statistics regarding knowledge of sexual consent.

How I Used It: I used this source to support my point that consent is not “common knowledge.”

10. “Who Are the Victims? | RAINN | Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network.” Who Are the Victims? | RAINN | Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://rainn.org/get-information/statistics/sexual-assault-victims&gt;.

Background: This is an informational source put out by the Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network. It shows various statistics on the demographic groups of rape victims.

How I Used It: I used these statistics to demonstrate the overwhelming majority of female rape victims.

11. Young, Cathy. “Yes, Patriarchy Is Dead; the Feminists Prove It | RealClearPolitics.” Yes, Patriarchy Is Dead; the Feminists Prove It. N.p., 23 Sept. 2013. Web. <http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/09/23/yes_patriarchy_is_dead_the_feminists_prove_it_120031.html&gt;.

Background: This is an article published to a news site called Real Clear Politics.

How I Used It: This is a dissenting source to my point about the existence of an American patriarchy, and it is reasonably well thought out. I used it as an opportunity to address a dissenting opinion.

1. Hagan, Susan. “The Marshmallow Study Revisited.” University of Rochester. 11 Oct. 2012. Web. 25 Sept. 2015.

Background: This article discusses the methodology and results of Celeste Kidd’s reinvention of the Marshmallow Study. It demonstrates how children were able to make rational decisions based on the probability of reward.

How I Used It: This article reinforces my hypothesis that experiences and environmental impact have significant impact on a person’s ability to exhibit self control and delayed gratification. It also demonstrated how self control can be manipulated by introducing reliable and unreliable environments to the study. Trust in the future reward is essential to delaying gratification.

2. Gannon, Megan. “Twist on ‘Marshmallow Test’ Shows Environment Affects Self Control.” LiveScience. 11 Oct. 2012. Web. 25 Sept. 2015.

Background: This article discusses the role of trust versus innate self control. It discusses the origin of Kidd’s decision to study the Marshmallow Test (she was at a homeless shelter and knew that the children there would have no self control because of the environment). It also discusses how children with absent fathers scored the lowest in self control.

How I Used it: It is fascinating that those children with the least amount of trust (absent fathers, homeless environments) are those that score the lowest in self control and delayed gratification, strengthening my hypothesis that trust and confidence are essential beliefs to be successful. These children had little faith that the adults would deliver on their promises, thus they live in unreliable worlds.

3. Clear, James. “40 Years of Stanford Research Found That People With This One Quality Are More Likely To Succeed.” Behavioral Psychology. 15 Apr. 2015. Web. 25 Sept. 2015.

Background: This article discusses the Marshmallow Study and the subsequent Kidd Study and states that the ability to delay gratification is critical for success in life. This article states that delaying gratification and self control can be learned and applied.

How I Used It: This article has four main ways to teach self control, which I analyzed in my research paper. It also reinforces my theory that self control is not an innate trait, and can be influenced by environment and experiences.

4. Michaelson, Laura. “Delaying Gratification Depends on Social Trust.”Frontiers. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2015.

Background: This article analyzes that impact of social trust on self control and delaying gratification. The scientists conclude that people are less willing to wait for rewards when dealing with others they consider untrustworthy.

How I Used It: This study was the first causal link of social trust in the ability to delay gratification. There must be a reward at the end to have someone cognitively choose to self control. The study raises looks at early interventions of at risk children (homeless, fatherless) and how providing trust and confidence will affect their ability to delay gratification. Social trustworthiness could address juvenile crime and drug addiction and improve behavior. I used this to support my thesis that social trust is essential to delay gratification.

5. Lickerman, Alex. “Delaying Gratification.”Science306.5695 (2004): 369l. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.

Background: This article discusses why self control succeeds or fails through a “hot or cold” system. The cool system is cognitive in nature , and reflective. The hot system is impulsive and emotional. The article talks about brain activity and that people with low self control had different brain patterns than people with high self control. It discusses how some people are more prone to hot emotional triggers.

How I Used It: This article has a neurological basis for the ability to delay gratification which I find very interesting. This article suggests that people are born with either cool or hot cognitive systems. It also discusses whether or not delaying gratification can be taught, whether or not a person’s cognitive nature is cool or hot.

6. Kort-Butler, Lisa. “Childhood Maltreatment, Parental Monitoring, and Self Control among Homeless Young Adults.” University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1 Dec. 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.

Background: This article examines the link between childhood maltreatment and negative social outcomes, especially in homeless young adults.

How I Used It: My thesis is further supported by this study that states that lower self control is directly linked to lower parental monitoring and earlier age at first abuse. Environment becomes forefront in whether or not a child displays self control, regardless of their natural propensity toward hot or cool cognitive systems.

7. Turner, Michael. “The Stability of Self-control.” The Stability of Self-control. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct.2015.

Background: Low self control was found to be prevalent in criminal behavior, according to this study by

Gottfredson and Hirschi.

How I Used It: This paper applies the Theory of Crime to self control over time. I used it to demonstrate that the earlier the intervention with at risk children, the lower the possibility of juvenile delinquency. This study demonstrates that self control becomes relatively stable from the ages of eight to ten years old, which indicates the need to establish social trust in the early preschool and elementary ages.

8. Tarullo, Amanda. “Self Control and the Developing Brain.” Stanford University. 2009. Web. 23 Oct. 2015.

Background: This paper studies the development of self control in children. It demonstrates that early negative childhood experiences and lack of social trust directly result in a lack of self control.

How I Used It: Children display self control as early as three years of age. Whether or not a child develops the skills to cognitively self control depends on their environment. The brain is developing and early adversity negatively impacts the ability to delay gratification. This paper directly links negative self control to family environment, temperament, and experiences. The study suggested ways to counteract negative experiences, and lack of social trust, in early childhood. The amount of material I found in my research is staggering and supports my thesis.

9. Makin, Simon. “To Predict Success in Children, Look Beyond Willpower.” Scientific American Global RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article argues that sometimes delaying gratification is not the best choice.

How I Used It: This article links self control and environment, suggesting that children in unreliable environments are likely to display impulsive behavior. They make the cognitive choice to be impulsive, suggesting that self control is not an innate quality but the result of socioeconomic and other environmental factors.

10. Chandler, Michael. “Recent ‘Marshmallow Test’ Shows Impulse Control, Other Traits Are Not Fixed.” Washington Post. The Washington Post, n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article talks about the University of Rochester study by Celeste Kidd, and how important reliable, trusting relationships in childhood are essential to developing self control.

How I Used It: This article talked about how stress in the environment can effect cognitive choices, and how children in chronic stressful environments can be impulsive and disruptive. The article supports my thesis that environment is a major factor in developing self control necessary for a successful and enriching life. It also supports my thesis that self control is not an innate trait.

1.  Segan, Sascha. “What Is Excessive Force?” ABC News. ABC News Network. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article discusses and defines the term excessive force and how it holds different meanings in various jurisdictions. It also focuses on how often cops use excessive force by providing shocking statistics and how most officers don’t have reasonable excuses for using it.

How I Used It: My paper revolves around the term excessive force and this particular article was capable of providing me a detailed description of the term. I used it to provide my audience with a clear meaning and provided statistics to show how frequently it is used in cases where it isn’t needed.

2. “Excessive Force Law and Legal Definition.“Excessive Force Law & Legal Definition. Web. 23 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article from US Legal, a website that provides legal information in the form of questions and answers, articles, and definitions was able to provide me with a legal definition of the term excessive force.

How I Used It: I used the definition of excessive force from US Legal and my first citation and compared the two to see if legal representatives explained the term differently than Sascha Segan (publisher of my first citation). However, I found that although the two terms came from very different sources they were very similar. I used both definitions in my argument to express that excessive force has one nationwide meaning.

3. “Police Brutality: 5 Things You Didn’t Know.” NoBullyingBullying CyberBullying Resources. 30 Jan. 2015. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: No Bullying , an online forum aimed for educating and advising to stop bullying provided me with 5 shocking facts about police brutality that I was never aware of. This source expresses the impact police brutality has on society as it dehumanizes suspects, lacks accountability on the officers behalf, arises racial considerations, blames the victims and brings higher causes.

How I Used It: I used this particular source to show the negative impact police brutality has on society. I was able to prove my argument by explaining how officers dehumanize their victims as it helps them avoid the feeling of guilt while they abuse suspects and how it is a constant issue since cops aren’t accountable of their actions.

4. “25 Shocking Facts About the Epidemic of Police Brutality in America.” Mic. Web. 24 Nov. 2015

Background: This website provided information from 25 other sources that was useful to my research. It had a variety of statistics that have been reported in the last two years on police brutality and the amount of killings that have taken place so far. I found this website a lot of more useful than others because it provided very accurate statistics. It talked about what month police brutality occurs the most, what gender and race it is directed to and cities that are at higher risk of police brutality which I found useful to support my claims.

How I Used It: I used about three facts from this website that were all recent statistics. The statistics I used focused on the amount of people killed, the gender of those people and how often it occurs.

5. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).“WebMD. WebMD. Web. 24 Nov. 2015.

Background: WebMD is medical based website that has a variety of illnesses, treatments, medicines and symptoms. This website discusses how people can develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, how long it takes to be diagnosed, symptoms that come with PTSD, medicines and treatments.

How I Used It: I used the information I gathered from this website to discuss the point I made on how PTSD is a long-term effects on survivors of police brutality. I went into further explanation of the illness and how the symptoms that come from PTSD effect the way a person can live on a daily basis.

6. “The Long Term Effects of Police Brutality.” Cop Block. 15 Feb. 2012. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

Background: Copblock is a decentralized organization made from a group of diverse individuals who share their belief on “Badges Don’t Grant Extra Authority”. This website provided me with personal stories of victims who have been dehumanized by officers.

How I Used It: I took a personal story of a commenter who suffers from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and included it in my Causal argument. This story that I read on Copblock provided me with a personal point of view from someone who now lives with PTSD and is afraid of law enforcement from a bad encounter. The situation got out of hand and left the victim with the long-term effects of PTSD.

7. Baker, Al, J. Goodman, and Benjamin Mueller.”Beyond the Chokehold: The Path to Eric Garner’s Death.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 13 June 2015. Web. 10 Nov. 2015.

Background: This is a website that has been dedicated to Eric Garner, a victim of police violence. This source has the full story of the event that took place with Eric Garner and two other officers and how it led to his death.

How I Used It: This story was used in my Rebuttal argument to prove my point that officers use excessive force in situations where it isn’t necessary. I used the Eric Garner death as a perfect example of law enforcement abusing their authority by bringing harm upon victims who do not deserve it. This story played a big role in my research paper as it provided very detailed and factual information that helped me prove that you don’t have to resist arrest for cops to use excessive force.

8. “Resisting Arrest When Police Use Excessive Force.” Nolo.com. Web. 10 Nov. 2015.

Background: Nolo is a Law for All encyclopedia that provides definitions and examples on legal terms.  This website provided me with multiple examples of resisting arrest that would allow an officer to result to using excessive force.

How I Used It: I used the examples of resisting arrest that would be acceptable for an officer to use excessive force as a way of controlling suspects. I also used those same examples to conclude a definition of the term resisting arrest.

9. “What Procedures Must the Police Follow When Making an Arrest?” Findlaw. Web. 20 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article on the website FindLaw focuses on the procedures officers must make when arresting suspects. It breaks each procedure down, providing more detailed information on what officers must ask, look for and how to approach a suspect when making an arrest.

How I Used It: The order of procedures was used in my research paper to demonstrate how officers are to go about arresting suspects the legal way. It was very useful in explaining what officers are to do and what they aren’t to do. This article was also used to explain if excessive force is needed in certain scenarios when suspects aren’t cooperative with the procedures law enforcement are to follow when making arrests.

10. Ryan, Tom. “”Police Brutality: The Impact on Victims.” EHow. Demand Media. Web. 3 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article is written by Tom Ryan who provides his insight on how police brutality impacts victims. He discusses how victims have long-term issues that in most cases are left unresolved because of fear. Fear of the law and the fear of having no one to help cope with their issues.

How I Used It: This article was very helpful in providing more information on victims who suffer with PTSD. Unlike other articles, it didn’t just state that victims suffer with PTSD as a result of police brutality but discusses the impact it has on their everyday life. It provided many examples on how people struggle with their social lives as well as coping with their emotions and was used as a bonus source to back up the previous information from the commenter on Copblocl.

Men Defining Rape

Background: This is the article entitled, “Men defining Rape: A History” posted on the Mother Jones websites gives a detailed history of rape through the ages and how men have defined it for centuries. It demonstrates different beliefs associated with rape and how it was handled throughout history.

How I used it: This article was one of the key reference articles I used because I allowed me to highlight that throughout history we let influential men define rape. They defined what is was and how it should be handled. This left women with almost no control when it came to reporting the crime and expecting the rapists to be punished.

“What is Rape Culture?”

Background: This website gives me detailed information on rape culture and where the concept originated. It is where I found a key point noting that we live in a society where we teach girls not to get raped rather than teaching boys not to be rapists.

How I used it: I used this resource to highlight rape cultures role in our society and how as a result or it, rape is normalized instead of absurd.

“Safe Relationships”

Background: This article defined  date rape is and how rape isn’t just limited to sex. It also focuses on how to be safer to avoid date rape drugs.

How I used it: This was especially helpful in readdressing the point that we teach girls how to not get raped rather than teaching men not to be rapists. It helped get the point across that rape is not limited to penetration.

“Get the Facts”

Background: This website provided statistics that showed how many people are raped each year and how many perpetrators roam free after being reported.

How I used it: This was a very useful resource because I was able to demonstrate that only 16% of rapists spend a night in jail or longer. Most rapists roam free the very next day. Showing how lenient our justice system is being with these criminals.

“Punishing Rapists”

Background: This website provided details to punishments to rapists. It also elaborates on the types of relationships the rapists usually have to the victim. It goes over the age range of most victims and what time of day their attackers struck.

How I used: It helped drive my point across that the justice system is being too lenient in punishments. It also helped demonstrate that victims can be any type of woman at any age.

Woman Receives 100+ Cat Calls

Background: The organization “Hollaback” followed Shoshana Roberts around New York City for ten hours with a video camera and documented her being cat called over 100 times.

How I used it: This video demonstrates how men in our society sexualize women even if they do not want to be sexualized. Despite not seeking any attention, men supply women with unwanted attention and feel like they are entitles to a response.

Ivy League Rape

Background: Her sophomore year of college Emma Sulkowicz was raped and her rapist is still a student on campus at her college.

How I used it: Despite multiple victim coming forward regarding the same man, the university made no efforts to remove this boy from the campus or have him incarcerated. She now live in a constant state of fear and anxiety because she runs the risk of seeing him daily. This is a prime example of how the justice system is letting us down.

Controversial Rape Case Reviewed

Background: At fourteen years old Daisy Coleman was raped and left outside nearly unconscious over night. All this was as the the result of two teenage boys taking advantage of her when she wasn’t in a proper state of mind. After being taken to court the changes were dropped and the boys went on with normal live while Daisy had to move one hundred miles away to escape bullying.

Rape Culture is Real

Background: This article highlights key points of rape culture and gives very clear examples of questions victims are usually asked that causes the shift to victims being blamed.

How I used it: This was a great resource for calling victim blames to attention. Questions are asked that condone the act of rape instead of punishing it.

From the Mouths of Rapists

Background: This article was focused on the song Blurred Line by Robin Thicke. The song itself screams rape culture with the use of the line “I know you want it.”

How I used it: I highlighted in my paper that without consent you have nothing. If the victim does not consent it is rape

The Hunting Ground

Background: CNN released a documentary highlighting rape on college campuses.

How I used it: I highlighted how colleges disregard allegations of sexual assault and blame victims. It also mentions the prevalence of rape on college campuses and how administrators ignore it.

Annotated Bibliography

Korneliussen, Ida. “Can Wild Animals Have Mental Illness?” ScienceNordic. N.p., 24 June 2015. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article is about how humans are to blame for the unusual behavior. The author talks about how having animals in captivity presents animals with problems they cannot solve because they are contained. The author talks about animals obtaining compulsive actions. This article talks about foraging behaviors also.

How I used it: This article provided me with the information on why wild animals can express abnormal behaviors. I used this article to argue that it is unethical to hold animals in zoos because it causes abnormal behavior. The reason that the animals express such abnormal behaviors is due to the fact that they can’t explore like they did in the wild.

“CFHS | Marine Mammals in Captivity.” RSS. Canadian Federation of Human Societies, n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2015.

Background: This article talks specifically about marine mammals in captivity. The article focuses on killer whales and compares their captive life versus their wild life. This article shows the consequences of marine life in tanks both physically and mentally.

How I used it: I used this article to demonstrate that no exhibit will ever be good enough for an animal to function regularly, especially marine mammals like killer whales. I used the information presented in the article about how far killer whales swim versus the amount they can swim in their tanks.