Rebuttal Rewrite-cswilliams15

Many people believe that the cause of mass shootings stems from the proliferation of guns that exist within our society as a result of lax gun control. Equally troubling is the large number of people who believe that mass shootings are the result of a deficient mental health system ill-equipped to deal with the mentally ill, who are often portrayed as violent individuals. In a Washington Post-ABC News poll on gun violence published on October 26, 2015, “by a more than 2 to 1 margin, more people said mass shootings reflect problems identifying and treating people with mental health problems rather than inadequate gun control laws.” (Follman). However, Mark Follman, who cited the above poll in his article, “No, Mental Illness Is Not the Main Cause of Mass Shootings in America”, noted that the poll presented a “false choice between mental health and gun policy.”

The cause of mass shootings is neither lax gun control nor the taxed mental health system. It is a combination of both as evidenced by the Santa Barbra. In which the shooter killed six people before killing himself in Isla Vista, California. He was able to amass a stockpile of weapons as he prepared to inflict retribution onto those who he perceived had wronged him, specifically because he was sexually frustrated. Further, he was able to buy the guns legally despite a history of mental health concerns according to his family. As this example illustrates, there is no one cause of mass shootings, but is rather a complex intertwining of a small sample of people with untreated mental illness legally obtaining weapons. “The vast majority of mentally ill people are not violent”, (Follman) and any examination of the problem of mass shootings must be cognizant of this fact in the national debate on gun control.

Works Citied

Follman, Mark. No, Mental Illness Is Not the Main Cause of Mass Shootings in America. Mother Jones. Oct 27 2015. Dec 4 2015

http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/poll-do-you-think-people-should-be-allowed-carry-guns-public

Serna, Joseph. Elliot Rodger meticulously planned Isla Vista rampage, report says. Los Angeles Times. Feb 19 2015. Dec 4 2015.

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Reflective – mymomshouldhavenamedmegrace

Core Value I. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

Coming into College Composition II, I thought I was familiar with the basics of writing. I would pick a topic, find sources, and write. There was never any drafting nonsense. Once I wrote and proofread, I was finished. After a semester in this class, I have become much more comfortable not only in the repetitive process that finding sources, forming ideas, communicating thoughts and developing a paper presents, but I have welcomed the frustrated feeling that overcomes me when I read my own work. Before I was introduced to the write and shred attitude of this class, I didn’t enjoy feeling confronted by my own paper. Now I look harder for sources, challenge my own writing, and think a little deeper to convey my points.

Core Value II. My work demonstrates that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities.

Transitioning from point to point without making it obvious is a problem I always face when writing. My papers get choppy and boring when I just spit out one sentence after another. My research paper for the end of the semester contains many points, some closely related, others not so much. After watching many visual pieces in class, struggling to write my short assignments, and receiving some serious constructive criticism, I was able to understand a bit better that each subject can branch off of another. I am able to develop and build new arguments and points based off of what came before. In visual rhetoric pieces, one thing happens after another, a snowball effect. Finding the meaning in a written or visual piece by analyzing its claims has helped me become stronger in my own writing.

Core Value III. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

Many of my writer’s block moments have been solved when I take a step back and study my writing from the perspective of someone who has never read that specific text before. I realized throughout my college writing career, and this semester specifically, that people are usually not writing for themselves. I am able to write in ways that appeal to certain groups of people to shape a meaningful paper, and I am also able to shift that appeal in different ways, thanks to the help of Professor Hodges. When reading others’ writing, I now keep in mind their intended audience when analyzing their claims to better understand their message. A more concise piece of writing is created by knowing who one is speaking to, where one is coming from, and what one wants to convey.

Core Value IV: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

Without research and sources, writers would be left to their own devices. I admire that I am able to use the work of others to build my own writing up. My research allows me to develop my ideas, based on the evidence I have collected. By supporting my personal beliefs and opinions, sources give my writing a strong base to work with. In addition to using these sources to my advantage, I have recently found it easier to locate sources that are related to any topic I may be pursuing. Composition II has given me the motivation to find new evidence for pieces I write. The usefulness of gathering reliable sources is evident when writing a paper suddenly becomes easier, thanks to the research done.

Core Value V. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation.

As I stated in my response to Core Value III, writing is not done for the author alone. It is important for the author and the intended audience to know where certain ideas come from. Forgetting to cite a source is considered a big deal and is most often deemed plagiarizing, but it is hard to forget citations when the words are not your own. As I collect research, I now note right away the credible source for citation. When applying the quote, idea, or thoughts of others, I consider the work they put into constructing that writing. I am hopeful that they would be appreciative of being acknowledged in the writings of others, and hopeful that another author would do the same should they ever use any of my own writing.

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Reflective–Douglasadams525

Goal 1: I used a multi-stage process in my writing, and took into consideration the feedback provided by my professor.

It has been hammered into my head since I was in middle school that writing a single draft is rarely, if ever sufficient.  It is necessary to seek feedback from one’s instructor, in order to produce the most satisfactory and least shreddable draft of a written work before it is to be turned in, with the exception of this very assignment.  In order to acknowledge this goal, I requested feedback from Professor Hodges on nearly every assignment, and did my best to work his notes into my writing.  This can most clearly be seen in my Stone Money Rewrite, in which I attempted to make my writing less bland, as well as elaborate further upon the ideas explored in my essay.  In addition, I also asked for Professor Hodges’ input during class, so that I could submit the most satisfactory work.

Goal 2: I critically analyzed texts to help form and support my own ideas.

Regurgitating the words of another author is not true writing.  More often than not, it is mere plagiarism.  Without critically examining sources, one runs the risk of parroting the ideas of others, rather than expressing unique views.  To avoid this, I examined my sources very thoroughly, and ultimately used the words of others to help support my own ideas, with my own words.  The strongest example of this is most likely my causal rewrite, in which I weave the philosophy of Southern Baptists and the words of a Rabbi into my own ideas, drawing conclusions that support my thesis from existing parallel philosophies.  Examining the words of certain Jewish individuals helped me to understand the opposing argument, and then explain it away.

Goal 3: I wrote with a clear purpose in mind, while considering as broad an audience as possible.

While writing my paper, I considered my final goal of convincing my audience that my thesis was in fact correct.  This was couples with my goal of amusing my audience with scattered satire, which gradually decreased in concentration as I became more focused on my primary goal.  Furthermore, I wrote with hopes that my paper could be read by anyone, and that any given individual (except perhaps an angry Jew) might be convinced by my research and my writing.  This is best shown in perhaps any of my portfolio arguments, with the possible exception of my definition rewrite, as it is rather strongly worded and may seem aggressive when taken out of context.  Throughout my research, I kept my goals in mind, and did my best to accomplish them.

Goal 4: I used my literacy skills to find information, then use that information to my advantage.

Having the literary equivalent of raw mathematical data is all very well and good, but it is only a starting point.  After performing my research, I synthesized the information that I had collected to support my thesis.  This can best be seen in my rebuttal rewrite, in which I used various facts about the Mormon’s baptisms for the dead to refute the argument that these baptisms are harmful.  In this same essay, I used the words of a Rabbi to argue that the only issue at hand is a misunderstanding.  The information itself was found with my knowledge of research tools, and I did not make a single claim that was not backed by some sort of evidence.

Goal 5: My writing tells the truth, gives credit where credit is due, and is respectful.

There is a fine line between good writing and deceit.  While my writing may contain rather stern-sounding criticisms of certain Jewish practices, it does not resort to name calling, and it does not imply that the Jewish faith is any more or less valid than the Mormon faith.  Furthermore, my writing only states what it can demonstrate to be true by either tangible or theoretical evidence.  It does not make a claims out of nowhere or deliberately make claims that are shown to be false.  This is seen in my definition rewrite, in which I strongly, but respectfully, claim that a certain Jewish practice is harmful.  This claim, however, is backed by concrete evidence, and this evidence is properly cited—obviously, I did not know everything about my topic when I began to write, and still do not.  My writing avoids plagiarism, and is altogether ethical.  This can be seen in any of my essays.

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Reflective- peachesxo

Core Value I. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

Throughout Comp II, I realized there is not just one draft. There’s more than that. In my other comp classes, I would only do one or two drafts, however, in this class, there are more than that. I learned that there is always improvement if I take in other points of views and opinions. For my research paper, I realized the other side is equally right. My professor taught me to think about different points of views in their shoes. Create arguments for the other side, and this helped me significantly because now I know what to address in my research paper.

Core Value II. My work demonstrates that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities. 

I’ve used many articles as sources; however, not all articles I found are going to be used. Throughout the semester, I realized what articles I should and should not use. All articles are really informative and give me different views in various subjects. Using google scholar was not new to me, but professors never really recommended it until this semester. I’ve learned to look beneath the surface material while reading. I always questioning myself if there is another meaning to what I’m reading. These are the little things Comp II taught me. There is never just one answer or one side. There’s always another answer that someone views as “correct”.

Core Value III. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

I never really researched the other side before. When I believe in something, I usually find evidence for my opinion only. However, this semester taught me how to analyze other people’s work and other text in order to find a new argument. One that will strengthen my own work. I worked on visuals regarding to the Visual assignment. I analyzed every detail of the video. Now when I go out to places, I tend to find myself analyzing every single detail of whatever I’m looking at.

Core Value IV: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

Throughout my work, I realized that I would spend more and more time editing and thinking of new ideas. I shredded my draft several times before submitting a brand new Essay. When I’m researching a topic, I do not stick with one or two sources. I would find more and pick some main points that will support my claims and ideas.

Core Value V. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation. 

Citations are always important. In every single paper, where another person’s ideas are restated or quoted, there should be a citation. Always respects a person’s claims. People should never plagiarize another author’s work. At the end of my essays there is always a work cited page where the reader can click on to see the articles I used and got the information from.

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Reflective – sixfortyfive645

Core Value I. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

I believe that throughout the course of the semester I have used practices that helped me improve all aspects of writing. The feedback, for example, that Professor Hodges offered on the Stone Money essay assignment was the first time I’d ever received criticism that tore my writing apart. That essay I wrote was really bad, and I only know that because I was forced to open my eyes more and focus on ways to fix it. The feedback provided on that essay, as well as the rest of my work, helped me think of ideas from a different perspective, which enabled me to form to concepts and ideas. Being able to read other feedback provided on other students’ work, and seeing how they improved from that also enabled me to improve. Seeing other people change or advance their ideas was influential in advancing my own work.

Core Value II. My work demonstrates that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities.

I’ve learned that creating a discussion of information found from different texts is an important aspect to prove an argument. In my rebuttal argument, for example, I compared two stories of women who were raped and forced to suffer legal consequences after reporting their trauma. The comparison of the two allowed me to further prove my argument that the legal system can often be unfair and many people suffer from the unfairness in place. In addition, I used an unconventional source in my causal argument to prove my point. Instead of a print text, I found a visual text. The visual was a monologue about a young boy’s experience of rape, performed by an actor. This source is important because it represented a different point of view of sexual assault and rape culture that needs to be addressed so badly. So, I benefitted from the uniqueness by having it help prove my argument.

Core Value III. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

I have analyzed and dissected my work to reflect my purposes of writing. All of the rewriting of the different arguments for the research paper assignment shows this. I am very passionate about discussing rape culture and achieving improvements in the way sexual assault is handled and discussed, so writing the definition, causal and rebuttal arguments has been enjoyable. I get to explain my own ideas and find evidence to prove that I am right. Something that I have learned to be more conscious of is the audience of my work. My writing is often tailored for people like me to read and understand, which is not really acceptable. The feedback provided on my first drafts of my definition, causal and rebuttal arguments explained that in order for my points to be solidly accepted, I must either find specific examples of evidence or explain my concepts thoroughly. I have attempted to do so in my argument rewrites.

Core Value IV: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

The role of literacy in writing is essential. Illustrations and evidence are the only things needed to prove a writer’s concepts. Without sources, there is no essay. In total, I have eleven sources. Each source has proven to be a huge contributor to furthering my ideas, no matter how long they are or what type of source they are from. My sources have also allowed me to expand my ideas by seeing things from a different perspective. The aforementioned monologue is something I would have never considered to use as a source in an essay; I would have normally just shared the link on Facebook. However, listening to the meaningful words spoken influenced me to consult Professor Hodges for approval. Using this seemingly unconventional source made me reevaluate my personal beliefs, which then made me develop clearer concepts that influenced by writing.

Core Value V. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation.

Academic honesty must be implemented in order for a piece of writing to be accepted. As students, we have been taught to be honest and responsible throughout our career in school. I think I have clearly upheld the honesty and responsibility in my rebuttal argument. I immediately begin the argument by discussing the fact that there are indeed falsely reported rapes. I could have ignored this fact by not mentioning the statistic and could have proved my point that people in authority are discriminatory for no reason, but that would not have been honest of me. Instead, I address the fact, mentioning that it is an unfortunate reality. I then continue on in the argument to highlight the repercussions met by those who take this fact too seriously and ignore the truth. In addition, I portray ethical responsibility throughout my definition and causal arguments by referring to the sources each story came from.

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Reflective—jcirrs

Core Value I. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

Throughout the semester in Composition II, I have learned to validate persistence and understanding in structuring my ideas and writing. Reading and composing processes is one of the ways I comprehend; it allows me to discover and explore ideas. I learned that writing is a multistage process that takes time and reconstruction. I have learned to construct my essays in small steps with revising so it can be perfected and free of error. You can distinguish between local and global revision as a reader and a writer. I am able to revise and be critiqued on my essays in the revision process. I learn from my mistakes that I make in my essays throughout the revision process by my professor. Core value I has taught me to always ask for revisions on my essays. The best example of this is my visual.

Core Value II. My work demonstrates that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities. 

After applying core value II to my work, I understand that texts create meaning and critical analysis. Using core value II helped me explore an issue or question brought up and effectively analyze, challenge, and apply my own perspective to the topic. This is best shown in my stone money paper. I have learned to read a text through the eyes of the writer and to identify the tools and strategies that the author is using in the text, just as a musician can listen to music with a musical ear. 

Core Value III. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

Core value III taught me about the importance of audience, purpose and context. These three mechanisms are vital when writing an essay. This core value has taught me to identify my audience and purpose of writing before beginning to construct my writing. This helps make it clear to the reader what my claim is and helps them relate or comprehend my point of view. This goal is shown in my white paper. When writing, I now know to put myself in the position of the reader by making my writing decisions based off of their opinions. This core value also explains the importance of grammatical and mechanical correctness, which takes multiple edits and revisions before the essay is up to standards with the expectations of college level writing.

Core Value IV: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

Core value IV helped me stress the importance of supporting my ideas through sources and evidence. When writing, I can now come up with support for my ideas through personal experience, observations, and analogies and not simply based off of opinion. The best example of this is my proposal. When finding research, I usually put it in my own words and try to make my point as clear as possible to minimize confusion among my readers. It is important to create your own ideas and not plagiarize. Core value IV taught me to properly include support from sources in my work and use it effectively to back up my ideas.

Core Value V. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation. 

Core value V taught me to understand the ethical dimensions of writing. Practicing this core value helped me  to learn to listen and understand the opinions of others on a topic and to compare them with my own ideas when writing. By keeping an open mind to the views of others, I can now use their opinion to better shape my own writing when analyzing a topic.This is best shown in my casual rewrite. This core value also taught me to look at both sides of a controversial topic in order to better understand it. Core value V teaches to properly credit a source used in a student’s work, which can be done through a properly formatted work cited. I now understand that instead of basing my ideas off of my own opinion, I should consider the opinions and views of others in order to better shape my own ideas.

 

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Reflective- bigcounrty609

Core Value I. My work demonstrates that I used a variety of social and interactive practices that involve recursive stages of exploration, discovery, conceptualization, and development.

In order to get the best out of your writing you must express variety throughout the writing process. Including repeating the editing steps and developing your writing into the best it can be. I already had an idea of this process but Professor Hodges helped open new doors in my mind on how to expand my writing. A good example of how effective this process can be is my own Stone Money Rewrite. In just one rewrite, the second draft of my Stone Money essay was significantly better. I utilized all of the useful practices provided to myself and you can notice the results. In a normal essay I would reread and rewrite an essay many times before I come to my final product. Using these recursive stages to get a polished draft.

Core Value II. My work demonstrates that I placed texts into conversation with one another to create meaning by synthesizing ideas from various discourse communities. 

No matter what you write about, there are generally two sides to every claim. Early in my writing career I have been told to look at the other side of my argument. Sometimes I would realize that the other side is correct or possibly that my argument was stronger than anticipated. Professor Hodges taught me that any given sentence could be an argument. Meaning there could always be another counterpart involved. A good example of this in my own writing is my Rebuttal Argument. My claim is that multivitamins are useless and sometimes even harmful. I recognize that vitamins may be very convenient, so I started with that fact. Then I went on with my point of view and continued to reinforce my claim.

Core Value III. My work demonstrates that I rhetorically analyzed the purpose, audience, and contexts of my own writing and other texts and visual arguments.

In my opinion analyzing the purpose, audience, and contexts of my writing is among the most important things to do. You obviously need to have a purpose for writing, and once you figure that out it is important to find out who the audience is to figure out how to word your context. A good example of myself analyzing these factors is my Definition Argument. My purpose is to inform people about the disadvantages of multivitamins. My audience would be adults who care about their and their children’s well being. I need to be intelligent and formal while writing to such an audience because they will not take anything seriously if it isn’t.

Core Value IV: My work demonstrates that I have met the expectations of academic writing by locating, evaluating, and incorporating illustrations and evidence to support my own ideas and interpretations.

I have always known in order to have a good essay you must have reliable, and essential evidence to support my ideas. Many other classes I have taken had given me most of my sources. Professor Hodges had us on our own to find all of our sources. An example where I found an essential source is my Casual Rewrite. I only used one source, intending to add more, but the one source was so reliable I was able to finish the argument with just one source. It was great practice for when I have to find evidence on my own again. This course gave me great confidence in myself for when I have to find sources anytime in the future.

Core Value V. My work demonstrates that I respect my ethical responsibility to represent complex ideas fairly and to the sources of my information with appropriate citation. 

Another essential aspect of writing is citing sources. No fictional essay would be possible if there were no sources, and you must give credit where it is due. This course has reiterated to me how important it is to accurately cite your sources. A great example of this is my Annotated Bibliography, where I cited all sources used in my portfolio work. Notice everything is correctly cited and there is even a brief paragraph of what the article is and how I used it.

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Bibliography–bigcounrty609

Butler, Kiera “Do Multivitamins Really Work?” Mother Jones. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Background: This article discusses the general question of whether or not multivitamins do the job that they are meant to do. It’s a unique article because the arthur uses some personal experience of when she started taking vitamins and how they effected her. Along with scientific research that back up her claims. The article also provides a chart of what vitamins to take and when they can be helpful. As well as annual statistics of sales of multivitamins

How I Used It: This article helped me receive a claim from a real personal experience, meanwhile providing extra scientific information. The chart helped me produce a rebuttal on each specific vitamin and why one doesn’t really need to take it. Also certain profit statistics help me prove that pharmacies are practically stealing money from Americans off of multivitamin sales.
Goodman, Brenda. “Experts: Don’t Waste Your Money on Multivitamins – WebMD.” WebMD. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Background: This article uses three recent studies to inform us that multivitamins do not boost our health. It focuses on the fact that people believe taking vitamins is a convenient and reliable way to fill gaps in ones diet and that is very untrue. It also provides information on studies that show vitamins may even increase the risk of certain disease and cancers.

How I Used It: This article is helpful because it provides many useful facts from their trusted studies. Including how vitamins will not fill the holes in a poor diet which is one of my main points in the essay, to get people to receive the proper nutrients from their healthier and planned out meals. Also the statistics about risk of increased disease and cancer are clearly in my favor as to why multivitamins are not the right choice.

“Multivitamin/mineral Supplements.” — Health Professional Fact Sheet. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2015.

Background: This website provides countless information on all types of multivitamins. It provides detailed information, not only what effects you should receive from different vitamins, but even the effects of how much you have taken. It also provides information on how vitamins lack to improve your health.

How I Used It: This article helped me provide vital information on how multivitamins are commonly useless. Obviously not all vitamins will have negative side effects, but this article helps me prove that there are no positive effects and that they are essentially a waste of money.

Seltzer, Charlie. “Should You Take A Multivitamin? Benefits & Side Effects – BuiltLean.” BuiltLean. N.p., 30 Apr. 2013. Web. 01 Dec. 2015.

Background: This article was created to help people decide whether or not to begin taking multivitamins so it has some helpful information within it. A large claim made in this article is that multivitamins really have no definition. So what exactly are we taking when we consume a vitamin? The article also looks into longterm effects of taking multivitamins.

How I Used It: The beginning claim of this article was a very useful point for me to bring up in my essay. Each multivitamin product’s composition and quality could vary drastically. This article also continued to give me statistics of the overarching fact that multivitamins in the long run are completely useless.

Nierenberg, Cari. “Taking Too Many Vitamins? Side Effects of Vitamin Overdosing.” WebMD. WebMD. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Background: This article talks about many different side effects of multivitamins. Mainly when people take too many vitamins. It also goes into detail of three specific multivitamins to watch out for because they have common negative side effects.

How I Used It: This article is useful because it goes into specific detail of many different negative side effects of vitamins. Also shining light on the fact that people can overdose on vitamins just as if it were a drug. Certain people may believe that the more they take, the more it helps but that is not the case. This website also gives me specific information on three main vitamins to stay away from. Helping me give specifics on the negative effects of certain vitamins helps get my point across.

Stickel, Stefanie. “Why Multivitamins Might Do More Harm Than Good.” Greatist. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Background: This article informs how many multivitamin studies show more harm than good. The article explains how many Americans are purchasing and taking multivitamins daily. And wrongly so, the arthur wonders whether vitamins could possibly help your average healthy individual. The fact is many healthy people who take multivitamins may be over their daily limit of certain nutrients and that could likely cause them negative side effects.

How I Used It: I used this article to add on some facts about vitamins and negative side effects. I mainly used the point made that a healthy individual will most likely not need to consume multivitamins daily. Their diet alone should help cover all the nutrients they need. This article was also helpful because it went into detail about a couple different vitamins allowing me to be more specific.

Scott, Cameron. “Americans Spend Billions on Vitamins and Herbs That Don’t Work.” Healthlines RSS News. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Background: This article went in depth on the money spent on multivitamins. Not only how much a family could waste in any given year but how much profit pharmacies and other stores make. The article also explains how multivitamins do not make up for a poor diet.

How I Used It: This article is useful because one of my claims is that eating a healthy diet is healthier and more cost efficient. This article helps me prove just how much we waste on multivitamins. The amount of profit received by pharmacies and other stores is unbelievable. It’s so high that it gives them a reason to promote vitamins whether they are actually helpful or not and that’s a good case to make against them.

“Are You Taking Too Much Calcium, A or D?” Health Essentials from Cleveland Clinic. 27 May 2014. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Background: This article successfully goes into detail about calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin D. Showing positives, negatives, and how too much can hurt or what to do. This article once again agrees that receiving nutrients from your diet is the most successful way to go about it.

How I Used It: Being able to go into detail about a specific vitamin helped drastically. Knowing all the uses, positives, and negatives of vitamin A for example, helped me accurately depict a way to go about getting certain claims across. And of course another health website claiming that receiving nutrients from your diet is the way to go is more evidence that vitamins are useless.

Aubrey, Allison. “Multivitamins: The Case For Taking One A Day.” NPR. NPR. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Background: This article has a claim as to why many people take vitamins daily. Although the scientists agree that vitamins are a waste of money, people are still doing it because of poor diets. America overall has a tendency to eat unhealthy and because of this people will continue to take multivitamins, assuming they are making up for what’s missing.

How I Used It: I can use this article to connect with readers on a personal level. Most people know they don’t eat healthy enough to receive all the nutrients they need. What they don’t know is that with a poor diet multivitamins do absolutely nothing. I can prove to many readers that not only are they wasting money but the only truly healthy way to receive all the required nutrients is through a healthy diet.

Greger, Michael. “Are Multivitamins Just a Waste of Money? | NutritionFacts.org.” NutritionFactsorg. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Background: This article ponders on the idea that multivitamins are just a waste of money. Their main claim is that overall most multivitamins do no harm nor good. Our bodies were not meant to just accept nutrients in a pill and that could be why many do not work. The article states that the best way for your body to receive nutrients is through the way it was meant to be, through food.

How I Used It: This article can be helpful in a couple repetitive ways. The main thing I took from this article is how our body’s were not meant to accept nutrients in pill form. Sometimes our stomach can’t react the way we want it to and there are also other factors including whether or not you have eaten. This is another reason I can use to prove multivitamins uselessness.

Bagot, Martin. “Too Many Vitamins Can Give You CANCER, Major New Study Warns.” Mirror. 20 Apr. 2015. Web. 1 Dec. 2015.

Background: This website is a large contributor to the “vitamins do more harm than good claim.” The title “Vitamins Can Give You Cancer” seems quite extreme and that is not always proven to be true. Although taking too many vitamins could certainly do harm to your body.

How I Used It: This site provides many examples of how vitamins can be harmful. Including some larger harmful side effects including cancer and disease. I used that to create a larger more dominant argument.

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Causal Rewrite-cswilliams15

A mass shooting occurred because of a failed background check. Background checks exist so that guns do not fall into the hands of those who may potentially do harm to others. For example, minors should not be able to buy a gun. A person convicted of a violent crime should not be able to purchase a gun. A person who has exhibited some record of mental illness should not be able to buy a gun. While background checks will not prevent a person who possesses none of the red flags cited from buying a gun and later committing a mass shooting, background checks will prevent those whose history demonstrates that he or she is a threat to society, from legally buying a gun.

Just a few months back, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) declared that the mass murderer who sat through an hour-long Bible study meeting inside a Black church before shooting and killing the pastor and eight parishioners in Charleston, South Carolina, should never have been able to legally buy a gun. A member of the FBI admitted that flaws in paperwork and communication between a federal background worker and state law enforcement allowed this man, a convicted drug felon, “to pass” a background check. “The gun dealers never heard back from the FBI” and as a result, the shooter was allowed to buy the gun.

Background checks need to be thorough to lessen the likelihood of felons getting their hands on firearms. The tragedy that occurred in that South Carolina church raised awareness here in South Jersey where churches are now raising awareness about “open door policies and background checks against people.” Where accurate and thorough background checks exist, less mass shootings will occur.

Works Cited

Oh, Inae. NPR. FBI Says Background Check Error Let Charleston Shooting Suspect Buy Gun. 10 Jul 2015. Dec 4 2015.

Flowers, Matt. Courier Post. Charleston Shooting Shakes South Jersey. 19 June 2015. Dec 4 2015.

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Definition Rewrite-cswilliams15

Mass shootings have become a common tragedy in our society. These shootings represent a fairly recent trend of terror involving gun violence. The definition of the term or phrase, “mass shooting” appears only in medical dictionaries, which define it as, “the discharging of firearms multiple times by one or more parties into a group of unarmed victims.” In general terms, a mass shooting involves a person(s) who kills multiple victims with a gun during a single incident.

As stated, mass shootings have certain key characteristics. Mass murderers commit mass shootings. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) classified three different perpetrators who commit gun violence: mass murderers, spree killers, and serial killers. According to the FBI, the primary distinction between a mass murderer and a spree killer is that the latter strikes in multiple locations (as opposed to a single locale). Both kill in a relatively short time frame. The serial killer strikes over a longer period of time, in multiple locations, and engages in a “cooling off” period between attacks. For example, the infamous D.C. Sniper’s heinous acts of murder throughout the course of several weeks are not considered mass shootings.

The FBI defines a mass shooting as an incident where people are killed, but research groups, such as the group that created the project, “Mass Shooting Tracker”, calculated that mass shootings involve at least four victims. Since the 1980s, researchers on the subject have used at least four homicides, excluding the shooter if killed during the incident, as the ground number for studying the subject and calculating statistics. However, experts, such as James Alan Fox of Northeastern University, who has written extensively on the subject, concluded that the number four was an arbitrary number. Using the criteria of at least four fatalities, the tracker reported that 294 mass shootings occurred in 2015.

Mass shooting attacks generally occur as a single incident, in a public place, such as a shopping mall, a movie theater, or a school. The FBI classifies school shootings as a sub-category of mass shootings, defined as an attack on any educational institute of learning.

Using these key characteristics to define what a mass shooting is provides a starting point for the cause and solutions.

Works Cited

“What Exactly Is a Mass Shooting?” Mother Jones. Mark Follman, 24 August 2012. Web. Dec 4 2015.

“Another: The 45th School Shooting in America in 2015.” NewsWeek. Michelle Richinick. 1 October 2015. Web. Dec 4 2015.

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