15 TUE MAR 07

Class 15 TUE MAR 07

Catch up on Conferences

Spring Break is a good time to reflect on how the first half of the semester has gone and project new practices to improve our performance in the second half. Perhaps you promised yourself you were going to buckle down and catch up on missed assignments by the midpoint of the semester. If so, that time has come. Follow the link to the Mandatory Conferences chart and make an appointment for your Thesis Progress chat if we haven’t conferenced twice. If you have the luxury of traveling someplace warm, remember, conferences can happen anywhere.

Wake up


Lecture/Demo/Exercise

PHASE ONE:

  • Read “The Dilemma of the Skincare World” by schoolcookiemonster.
  • Leave a Reply praising its author specifically for what you found most impressive about the argument.
  • Leave a Second Reply with a more critical response indicating where you were confused by, or not convinced by, or downright antagonistic to the argument.

PHASE TWO

  • Open the page: Definition Feedback Workshop
  • You have been assigned a paragraph.
  • Work on your own, or with the other member(s) of your group to analyze the Definitional/Categorical effectiveness of your paragraph.
  • Be prepared to defend your analysis in class THU MAR 09.
  • Present feedback for the paragraph between now and Class THU MAR 09 as a Reply to the Definition Feedback Workshop page.

30 Responses to 15 TUE MAR 07

  1. -We can be distracted a little bit, but the reader should still know what the destination is and we should eventually reach that end goal.
    -“For no reason” doesn’t mean without cause.
    -When we say “why,” we are mostly trying to find a reason for something happening. Sometimes, there is a cause for something happening, but there won’t necessarily be a reason. For example, there could be a man walking down the street, and then he accidentally gets run over by a carriage. The cause was the carriage, but he didn’t die for a reason. Someone trying to save someone else’s life in a house on fire and then dying died for a reason, but the man ran over by the carriage didn’t die for any reason, probably except that it was just a pure accident or that he was target for a murder plot or something.
    -The challenger incident was really huge. It was the first time a civilian was to go on the challenger, and it blew up. It was broadcasted on TV.
    -One reason why the challenger exploded was because the O Rings are suppose to help the combustible gas inside the rocket, and it failed to do that that day, and of course, there was a spark, and the challenger exploded. The reason the O Rings failed is because the O Rings need to be in a warm temperature to be able to function properly, and of course, the weather was WAY too cold. NASA even warned that the weather was too cold, but the people of the rocket didn’t listen.

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  2. oatmealvibes says:

    Quote: “The journey out always seems longer than the journey back. It is new, and demands our furious concentration as we look for signs, for the characteristic, for the shortcut. On the return we are better able to separate the essential from the extraneous; our concentration has been narrowed to the goal.” – David Mamet (American Playwright)
    What this quote means to me is that once you reach your goal, everything after feels a lot more laidback because there’s no pressure anymore of making that goal.

    Catch up on conferences: If you haven’t made a second conference with the professor, this is your time to do so. Especially if you have missed work and need to talk about your thesis. You can even zoom conference with the professor while on the beach! (The picture was funny)

    “For no reason” doesn’t mean “without cause.” Something causes us to write certain things when it comes to causality.

    Wake up: “Why the Challenger Exploded” A 6th-grade school teacher was brought onto the challenger as a way to make people interested in space again. It ended up exploding about 2 minutes into the air. The cause was the failure of the O-rings, a fuel explosion. Christa McAuliffe’s death is more complicated because there’s not one single cause. It could if been that the O-Rings failed, that Nasa ignored warning signs that the weather was too cold to launch. The distance between two horses’ butts which is 4 feet and 8-1/2 inches became standard between wheels for chariots and then eventually trains. When NASA had a bid to make the tubes for the space launch, they made them separate pieces but could only make them fit enough to fit inside the train tunnels. O-rings would not have been necessary if it was one solid tube and perhaps, Christa McAuliffe wouldn’t have died.

    Lecture/Demo/Exercise: Phase 1 and 2 reply is on their respective post.

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  3. giants19 says:

    Class began with a quote by David Mamet, discussing why the way there is always more difficult than the way back. We then touched upon why exactly it is the challenger exploded. It was also noted that it was made a massive deal back then even before the explosion occurred, because it was the first civilian in space. Fuel combusted on the way up which caused a massive explosion. Then, we brought up how “for no reason” is not the same thing as “without cause”. Cause and reason are not mutually exclusive. Something can be without reason, and there is still a cause behind it. Another thing we discussed was what differentiates something between being a drug and being makeup.

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  4. rowanluver29 says:

    – It is okay for the point of your essay to change as you are writing it.
    – It is better for writers to tell the readers where the essay is going rather than guiding them blindly (a tour guide would tell you that you are going to see the Eiffel tower instead of dragging you around the outskirts of Paris.)
    – “For no reason” doesn’t mean “without cause.”
    – Why did the challenger explode? Fuel explosion
    – What does the width of 2 horses have to do with the challenger explosion? The chariots were made narrower than the width of the horses so that the chariots can fit through certain spaces. Specifically, 4ft & 8 1/2 inches wide. When NASA wanted a rocket booster, they had the choice to build them in a solid tube or separate parts. They decided to build them in component parts, and it was forced on them by the width of railroad tunnels. They had to do this because of the way train tracks were built, which was the standard 4ft and 8 1/2 inches.
    – Can certain skin care products or cosmetics be considered a drug? We read and discussed a previous students essay that discussed this counterintuitive argument in their essay.

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  5. clevelandbrown03 says:

    I have always found the top quote true, whenever I went on vacation the trip up always seemed longer than the trip back.

    For no reason does not mean without cause

    the rocket exploded because there was combustible gas that was heated. The O-zone rings failed. The design required warm temperatures. Nasa ignored warning signs.

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  6. rowanstudent6 says:

    -Cause and reason are separate entities which is why “for no reason” and “without cause” do not mean the same thing
    -Reason requires a compensatory gain
    -Cause is simply the action that resulted in the effect
    -The cause of the challenger explosion can be traced to malfunction of equipment and/or Roman carriages. It was either caused by mechanical malfunction due to the ignorance and arrogance of NASA scientists as they ignored warning of launching on a cold morning. However, it can also be traced back to Roma infrastructure which determined the size of the parts in which were transported and required the use of o-rings which failed during launch.

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  7. tristanb50 says:

    “The journey out always seems longer than the journey back.”
    -Essaywriting always takes longer in the research phase than in the writing phase when we’ve found our focus

    The phrase “for no reason” ≠ “without cause”
    -You can have a cause to do something, without a typical prompt
    Ex: My father died for no reason, the cause was being run over by a carriage
    -The Challenger exploded because of escaped combustible gas from rubber O-rings, the reason was NASA didn’t want the public lose interest in the mission

    Causal Arguments
    Mechanical: Death of the passenger → Challenger explosion → escaped gas → O-rings failing to expand → the cold weather
    Human: Failure of O-rings → need for O-rings → having to reconstruct the rocket on-site→ width of the tunnels → Roman Chariots → width of 2 horses ass’

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  8. Fulcrum66 says:

    “For no reason” doesn’t mean “Without cause.” this is a categorical statement

    Wake Up- Challenger disaster, There are many reasons why the challenger launch failed. I believe Nasa should be at fault due to them knowing the problem and launching anyway. They were warned by the scientists and they launched anyway regardless of the circumstances.

    The chariot was standardized to be 4 feet, 8-½ inches so the wheels could fit through a gate that your horses are going through. Going further in the future British train cars followed the same standard (The Golden Chariot).

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  9. sinatraman17 says:

    *”for no reason” does not mean “without cause”*

    “Reasons” can be defined as the motivation for the action.
    “Cause” is defined as the layers of WHY.

    The Challenger Explosion was:
    -Caused by the failure of the O rings
    -Caused by the presence of O rings in the first place
    -Caused by the shipping size constraints of train tunnels
    -Caused by the standard width of train tracks
    -Caused by the Roman Empire’s standard width of a chariot
    -Caused by the standard width of two horses’ asses.

    One could argue that the Challenger Explosion was caused by the width of two horses’ asses: as an example of how one can explore the many layers of causation beyond the well-known and assumed ones.

    As a mechanics note: I was assigned paragraph 6 in the Skincare Routine exercise (due as a Reply THURS Mar 09).

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  10. queenrandom04 says:

    For no reason doesn’t mean without cause. Our warm-up was about the challenger rocket exploding. There can be causes for things happening without reasonable explanation. The technical reason that the Challenger exploded was the O-ring exploded. David came to the explanation that the challenge was caused by the development and normalization of using 4 feet and 8 inches as the proper way to use the distance between each car. In order to transport the Challenger they had to make them small enough to be teleported on through train tunnels. Then we identified casual and argumentative arguments in the essay.

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  11. gracchusbabeuf says:

    Today, the class began with the professor reminding students who needed them about the “Catch up” conferences. Such meetings, according to his recommendations, should be scheduled while the student is at a warm, sunny beach.

    The first primary section of the lecture was “why the Challenger exploded”.The purpose of the section was to explore the ambiguity of the question, “why”. The common explanations, such as the failure of the o-rings or nasa haste to launch are most often considered. However, the explanation which is, dare I say, counterintuitive, is that the Challenger failed because of how the Roman Empire designed horse-drawn carts. To make a long story short, a series of coincidences in transportation infrastructure, from the Roman Empire to modern railways, led to the design flaws inherent to the O-rings used for the challenger.

    Finally, we reviewed an essay submitted by a previous student. It had some excellent evidence but did not deploy it to its full effectiveness.

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  12. philsfan1133 says:

    -We might get sidetracked, but we need to make sure the reader knows where we’re going and eventually get there.
    -When we say “why,” we’re usually looking for a reason something happened, but sometimes there might not be a reason, just a cause. For example, if someone accidentally gets hit by a carriage, there might not be a reason for it.
    -The challenger explosion was a big deal because it was the first time a regular person was going on the mission and it happened on live TV.
    -The challenger exploded because the O Rings, which are supposed to keep the gas inside the rocket, didn’t work properly due to the cold temperature. NASA warned that the weather was too cold, but the people in charge of the rocket ignored it.
    -Skincare could possibly be considered a drug after reading an essay about it?

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  13. pitandthependulum22 says:

    Housekeeping
    – ‘catch up’ on conferences if you haven’t already attended 2

    Wake Up
    – “for no reason” doesn’t mean “without cause”/ what do we mean by “why”? (reason= compensatory gain)
    – ex: The Challenger Disaster: ‘Why’ did the Challenger explode/ ‘Why’ did those people die?
    1. Fuel explosion, combustibility of the gases of the solid booster rocket (why the gases were outside the rocket instead of inside is attributed to O-Ring failure)
    2. The decision to send a civilian to space create excess pressure to launch
    3. NASA was emboldened by their past successes and decided to take an unprecedented risk
    – Any of these reasons can be adequate causes

    Definition Feedback Workshop
    – Assigned part: Paragraph 1
    – reply with synthesis due by next class period (3/9)

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  14. Shazammm says:

    Response to quote of the day: Get straight to the point to your topic in the first sentence of your essay. Do not waste words. That will loose your readers’ attention. Name the goal as early as you can and make sure your readers know what they are getting themselves into. “The sooner you name the eiffel tower, the sooner you will get people on your tour.”

    “For no reason” doesn’t mean “without cause.” We are about to embark on the causal unit in class. You do not do things without any cause. You can respond to your actions by saying “for no reason,” but that means something different. Something is always driving you to commit an action.

    Spring break is a good time to reflect on the first half of the semester. If you have not scheduled your second mandatory conference, do it now. {ALREADY DONE}.

    “Why the challenger exploded”: There is a really clear causal change that does not explain why the explosion happened. In the 80s, people got bored of missiles merely being launched off. They decided to spice it up by putting an ordinary citizen into a shuttle and sending it into space. That ordinary citizen was a 6th grade teacher. This event occurred on live TV. After 72 seconds or so, the shuttle exploded with the teacher in it. This happened in 1986. The missile came from Florida, and during that time, it was January and the temperature was 22 degrees. People said it was too cold to take off.

    O-Ring Failure, however, was the cause of this explosion. Gas got out of the shuttle. The o-rings failed because it was 22 degrees that day. The design required warm temperature to launch… These are all factors that caused the shuttle to explode. Why did they allow to shuttle to launch off anyway? Perhaps NASA was “emboldened by the program’s success” and needed funding. The program needed popular support.

    There is “no lack of causation” that led to the shuttle exploding.

    The whole of the world was paved by Romans, and they got around by chariots drawn by two horses. Horses have a fairly common width. How wide should a chariot be? I would say wider. ROMAN CHARIOTS WERE BUILT WITH WHEELS THAT WERE 4 FT, 8 AND 1/2 INCHES APART. The same people who made chariots made railroad cars. The railroad cars are direct descendants of Roman chariots. The paths/roads/tunnels all had the same width.

    How does this connect with the challenger exploding? Because of the width of the shuttle tunnel, which connects to the Romans and people who made railroads cars. So it is basically a causal domino effect. When people say that there was no cause to the challenger exploding, they are wrong. Because there is a cause. This goes back to the “for no reason” and “without cause” example.

    If drugs can be administered through the skin, and skincare problems enter the body through the skin, shouldn’t the food and drug administration have something to do about that?

    Causal arguments are due when we get back from spring break.

    PHASE TWO OF ASSIGNMENT: Due Thursday, Mar. 9.

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  15. pinkheart84 says:

    We are halfway through the semester so the morning quote had something to do with that. The journey out indeed always seems longer than the journey back.
    Name the goal as early as you can. Make sure your readers know.
    “For no reason” doesn’t mean “without cause.” If you do something for no reason that doesn’t mean there is no cause. Reason and cause is so different.
    Catch up on your conferences. Catch up on missed assignments.
    Challenger exploded: There are multiple answers for why the challenger launch failed. In my opinion, Nasa should be at fault due to them knowing the problem and launching anyway. O Rings are made to help the combustible gas inside the rocket.
    I was assigned paragraph 3 for the definition feedback workshop. (Due as a Reply Thursday March 9)

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  16. tmjj4345 says:

    – “For no reason” doesn’t mean “without cause.”
    – Sign up for a mandatory conference
    – Read “The Dilemma of the Skincare World” and praising its author for what you found most impressive about the argument, then leave a second reply with a more critical response indicating where you were confused by, or not convinced by, or downright antagonistic to the argument.
    – Go to the Definition Feedback Workshop and read the paragraph you have been assigned. Work to analyze the Definitional/Categorical effectiveness of your paragraph. Be confident and prepared to defend your argument in class on Thursday.
    – Present feedback for the paragraph between now and Class THU MAR 09 as a Reply to the Definition Feedback Workshop page.
    – Read Paragraph 6 and it’s revision

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  17. doglover846 says:

    – Make sure you state the goal in the beginning so the readers know what they are looking for, make sure that the end you restate your goal.
    – “for no reason” does not mean “without cause.”
    – Catch up on Conferences
    – The Challenger exploded because the o-rings failed because it was too cold. The question is why did they allow it to launch that day knowing that it was too cold to launch.
    – Roman chariots were build 4 feet and 8 and 1/2 inches so they can be slightly narrower than two horses asses.
    – Because of the train tunnels restricted the size of the O-rings
    – The parts of the rocket needed to be shipped in separate parts
    – Breaking these tubes into pieces you needed o rings
    – O-rings can only be used in warm temperature
    – Since it was 22 degrees out caused the o-rings to fail
    – This then causes the challenger to explode
    -Give feedback on paragraph 6 due on Thursday

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  18. sortableelms says:

    Naming goals first keeps the concentration narrowed on it. “For no reason” doesn’t mean the same as “without cause.” We covered that there is no single “why” question to ask.
    Phase one and Phase two are to be replied to in each assigned area.

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  19. cherries267 says:

    When writing, try to get to the goal as soon as possible.

    We were shown the challenger exploding.

    The chariots in the roman empire inspired the modern train.

    Everything has a cause

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  20. g00dsoup says:

    “The journey out always seems longer than the journey back. It is new, and demands our furious concentration as we look for signs, for the characteristic, for the shortcut. On the return we are better able to separate the essential from the extraneous; our concentration has been narrowed to the goal” -David Mamet
    “For no reason” doesn’t mean “without cause.”

    Catch up on Conferences

    -Spring break is approaching, and it is a good time to reflect on how you’ve done in the first half of the semester and what you think you should improve upon for the second half.
    -Make sure you are caught up on your assignments, and your mandatory conferences (you should have had at least 2 mandatory conferences)

    Wake Up:
    Why Did the Challenger Explode?
    ~Gas Ignited Outside
    ~O-Rings failed.
    ~22 Degrees (???)
    ~They KNEW it wouldn’t be successful
    The Complicated Issue of Causation
    -The design required a warm, ambient temperature at launch (but they launched The Challenger at almost 20 degrees)
    NASA ignored the warnings that the weather was not adequate to launch
    -The decision created pressure to launch by sending a civilian to space
    -NASA was getting “bored” so it make it more…interesting, they prepared to send a teacher to space
    ****There is no single cause here can be isolated****
    The exercise on casual arguments has shown me how complex a simple argument can be. There really is some sort of “cause” within something if you look deep enough to figure it out. Within “causation,” there is always “causation.”

    Definition Feedback exercise should be completed by 03.09.23
    We need to be prepared to argue/defend our analysis in class

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  21. mellowtacos says:

    The journey out is alway longer than the journey back
    -In your 1000 word essay if the journey though is easier than back it’s no good.
    -If you can make your point in the first sentence, perfect!
    -You want to name the goal as easily as you can

    THE DIFFERENCE
    “For no reason” Vs. “without cause”
    Writing a letter:
    -Its for no reason not without cause
    -If it was for a reason it might be valentines day however it is not a special occasion

    NEED TO CATCH UP ON CONFERENCES IF YOU HAVEN’T
    *click on link

    WHAT DO WE MEAN BY WHY
    An aristocrat was riding down the street in his carriage. He ran over my father. .

    After the ceremony I walked back to the city. I was trying to think of the reason my father had died. Then I remembered: he was run over by a carriage.

    -there was a cause for his death however there was no reason

    WHY DID THE CHALLENGER EXPLODE
    There is a very clear causal chain without reason

    People got boarded in space because NASA made it boring
    They decided to send a ordinary citizen into space (there was a live broadcast)
    22 degrees in florida! Scientists said it was too cold to do this (they were right)
    The challenger exploded
    O-ring failure was blamed for this (the o-ring didn’t expand)

    Cause: the o-ring failed because it was so cold which led to the gas escaping causing it to explode
    They send a civilian into space because they needed support(funding)

    THE WIDTH OF TWO HORSES ASSES (4ft 8 ½ inches) caused the challenger to explode
    Because the same people that made chariots made railroad cars that were 4 ft 8 ½ inches
    Trains everywhere are now built on the same standard, 4 ft 8 ½ inches
    Nasa needed a cheap builder to build tubes for the challenger (the person was in utah)
    Train tunnels did not have enough room because they are built with just enough space
    they delivered it in multiple pieces
    Needed o rings to prevent gas from escaping because they had to assemble it (multiple pieces)

    The challenger exploded because of a chain reaction ultimately leading to the width of two horses’ asses. It’s not a direct reason however it explains the reason for every decision leading up to the explosion.

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  22. Water says:

    There’s always a cause for no reason, meaning there had to be a cause for you to do something. 1000 word essay is a small piece for something bigger. We talked about the exploding of the challenger shuttle and what may have caused this catastrophe. The cause could be from many things such as lack of preparation, the challenge of the cold weather on the day off, human error, or the width of two horses’ asses. There is no distinct reason why the challenger shuttle exploded, we talked about how there can be many causes for anything to happen.

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  23. saycheese03 says:

    “For no reason” doesn’t mean “without cause.”- categorical difference

    Wake Up- the challenger explosion why did the challenger fail? Why did Christa McAuliffe die? Very complicated questions there could be many causes of both the o rings’ failure, the design needed warm temp, NASA ignored the warning about the weather, and The decision to send civilians to space had a lot of pressure. These are all causes that could explain why it happened.

    The chariot is 4 feet 8 and a half inches distance between wheels. Dangerous to go outside the track same people who made chariots made railroads, so the train is also 4 feet 8 and a half inches long. This could be the original cause of the rocket. With enough evidence you can argue any cause of an event there may not be a reason why an event occurred but there will be a cause that is arguable.

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  24. blueee04 says:

    Today we discussed the Challengers explosion. Their was a 6th grade teacher invited to be part of the shuttle crew. The shuttle was going pretty well in the beginning but they it exploded. There was O-Rings containing the pressure of combustion within the rocket. Although they had backup and protection the process still failed, the failure could’ve been caused by many different things, it could’ve been a domino effect. I think it’s absolutely horrific to watch a video of a shuttle blowing up, there are so many people that have volunteered and died risking their lives. It’s taken many years for them to figure out the correct way to get astronauts out to space, it took many failed experiments. I remember reading that not only were people sent out but so were animals. They would send animals that were abandoned and had no home or family. It’s really sad to think about it all, I can’t imagine how the families of the volunteers feel especially after watching the shuttle explode right in front of their eyes. It’s a tuff situation because they are in a predicament where they can’t do anything except watch.

    We talked about how cosmetics are considered a drug. I believe that some cosmetics contain harmful ingredients which is why it’s good to look at everything a product contains before buying. Some can contain very little and actually help in the way it should, while there are products that could cause a bad allergic reaction. I believe that cosmetics are considered a drug because it’s still consumed in some way. Drugs aren’t just a substance that has an effect of making people high.

    We were advised to make another conference appointment to discuss our semester so far, I think the next conference I have I would like to talk about my grades. My grades are good but I have no issue with improving more and making it better.

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  25. chickennugget246 says:

    “The journey out always seems longer than the journey back. It is new, and demands our furious concentration as we look for signs, for the characteristic, for the shortcut. On the return we are better able to separate the essential from the extraneous; our concentration has been narrowed to the goal.” – If we can precisely get down to the goal in sentence one, do it. Name the goal as early on as you can.
    The difference between “for no reason” and “without cause” are very different. “For no reason” does not mean “without cause.” The cause is a different thing than the reason.
    NOW is the time to catch up on conferences, if you have not done so already.
    Why the Challenger Exploded: What do we mean by “Why”?
    For example: “Why did my father die?” – he was run over by a carriage. (Cause)
    But he died for no reason.
    We explore different ambiguities to questions of “why”.
    Why Challenger Exploded: NASA got bored of sending people into space, so they sent a civilian, a teacher, into space, but the space shuttle exploded.
    O-Ring failure is blamed for the explosion of the space shuttle.
    Why did the shuttle explode? – because the gas was exposed, because the o-rings failed, because it was too cold that day.
    There are so many questions of “why” we could ask.
    Why did they ignore that the weather was too cold?
    Why did they send a civilian into space? – NASA needs funding, so they sent a civilian into space and broadcasted it on live television because they knew that millions of people would watch.
    There is no lack of causation for the challenger explosion.
    The chariots were built narrower than the two horses. The same people who made chariots, made railroad cars. The wheels on the train were the same width apart as the chariots, (4 feet, 8 and a half inches). Because of the train tunnels, the rocket boosters of the space shuttle had to be built in sections, shipped in pieces, assembled in Florida, and wrapped by the O-Rings, which failed because it was too cold outside. The explosion all led back to the two horses.
    We have to be clear on answering the “why”.
    Drugs can be absorbed by the skin, sprayed in our nose, injected into our skin, and swallowed.
    Read “The Dilemma of the Skincare World.”

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  26. inspireangels says:

    Quote: The whole purpose of your journey is to start somewhere and get your claim across. Name the goal as earlier as you can make sure your audience knows. The umbrella is so important because it can help you spot if you are on the right track.

    There is a difference between “for no reason” and “without cause.” When a person states something had “no reason” it could mean that the situation occurred with no reason but doesn’t mean there wasn’t a cause to the situation.

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  27. fatjoe000 says:

    -The journey out always seems longer than the journey back
    -Can catch up on missed assignments over spring break
    -What do we mean by “why?”
    -The son wondered what the purpose of his father’s death was and what moral imperative does his death serve
    ^These could be two meanings of “why?”
    ^But the other meaning that the son used was finding out the cause of his death, instead of what was the purpose
    -The challenger exploded because of the “O-rings”
    -When explaining a cause the explanations can be common, complicated or unlikely

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  28. pinkmonkey32 says:

    – It is okay for the point of your essay to change as you are writing it.
    – telling your readers what your going to talk about and then actually talking about it are very important. don’t tell your reader your gonna talk about something and not talk about it.
    – “For no reason” doesn’t mean “without cause.”
    – Why did the challenger explode? This is a in-depth question because you could say fuel explosion or you can say why the fuel exploded and what caused that, and then why they were manufactured a certain way and act. Just saying the simple explanation isn’t always the right one
    – Can certain skin care products or cosmetics be considered a drug? after reading this definition argument that is questioning why skincare arent called drugs, you need to reply below what you found impressive about the argument and what you think needed some work.
    – make another conference if you need some extra help or missed any conferences in the past.

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